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des premiers mouvements littéraires en Algérie (en l’occurrence les Algérianistes et l’École d’Alger) et leur rapport à la culture berbère. Ce survol sert de tremplin pour aborder la première génération d’écrivains algériens (d’origine berbère), notamment la famille Amrouche, Malek Ouray, Mouloud Feraoun et Mouloud Mammeri. En analysant leur rapport à leur propre identité berbère ainsi qu’à l’Autre (le Français, l’Arabe),Aitel nous démontre que ces écrivains souffrent presque tous d’un sentiment de déchirement et même d’aliénation. En se focalisant ensuite sur la chanson de Matoub Lounès et sur la production littéraire de Tahar Djaout, tous deux originaires de la Kabylie et assassinés pendant la décennie noire, Aitel retrace le contexte de leur engagement à défendre leur identité berbère dans une Algérie postcoloniale qui n’a pas voulu régler le problème de la diversité et de la coexistence. Quant à Assia Djebar, Aitel consacre tout un chapitre à cette académicienne et à son rapport complexe et ambigu avec l’histoire berbère en général et son origine chenouie en particulier. En somme, le lecteur découvre dans cette analyse l’ensemble des changements qui ont marqué l’identité berbère depuis le début du vingtième siècle, ainsi que les défis qui restent à surmonter en ce début du troisième millénaire. L’auteure s’appuie sur plusieurs disciplines, à savoir la littérature orale et écrite, la musique, l’histoire et surtout la politique. C’est pour cette raison d’ailleurs que ce livre intéressera les chercheurs dans tous ces domaines. Oregon State University Nabil Boudraa Bouzy, Olivier. Jeanne d’Arc en son siècle. Paris: Fayard, 2013. ISBN 978-2-213-672052 . Pp. 317. 20 a. A medieval historian, Bouzy elucidates and repudiates common assumptions about the life of Jeanne d’Arc during the Hundred Years War. He describes the difficulty of interpreting documents in the historical context of the events of this era given its linguistic, ideological, and cultural differences. Two of the four chroniclers who encountered her are Burgundians, and 218 documents were written after her death. This new historical analysis is a necessary reaction to the abundance of books about her since the fifteenth century.He examines her rural life,her military ambitions, her accidental capture and attempt at escape, her trial and execution, and the ensuing civil war. Superstition, prophecy, economics, and problems of identity are explored. For instance, the weather conditions on the day of the attack of Orleans by the French are viewed as an auspicious sign. Theology is “crucial” (15). An anticlerical bias is as erroneous as that of a purely religious point of view. Bouzy relies on her responses during the trial as the basis for his explanation of her voices as her sources of inspiration . He invites the reader to form his own opinion about “l’expérience mystique de Jeanne” (119). Significant turning points of the war and critical alliances among the French and English nobility are identified. The question of whose side God is on is not 236 FRENCH REVIEW 89.3 Reviews 237 trivial since the English are also Catholic. In her defiance of the authority of her father, and of the authority of the church, to which she later submits, she becomes a great threat to the existing social, political, and religious order. Divine right does not yet exist; however, Jeanne’s background as a commoner is in direct conflict with the hierarchy of nobility and the clergy. The legal maneuvering by the judges is not in her favor, and she is aware of their bad intentions. Allies of the English, the church hierarchy includes the pope and notably the theologians from the University of Paris who serve as judges. Therefore, her execution must proceed quickly, and Cauchon, who would risk his life in not condemning her, must find her guilty. It is not until the death of Bedford, who paid her ransom that the Duc de Bourgogne allies with Charles VII, despite his having killed the Duc’s father. Bouzy makes...

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