Land as a Human Right: A History of Land Law and Practice in Tanzania

Contents

Contents Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .x Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Abbreviations and Acronyms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Human Rights Movement and the Right to Land in Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A General Overview on Political Discourse over the Right to Land. . . . . . . . . . .2 Land Question in Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Land Conflicts Arising from Colonial Occupation in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 The Concept of Human Rights: A General Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Land as a Human Right: The Position in International Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Land as a Human Right: The Law and Practice in Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Land Law Reforms and Tenure Systems in Tanzania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Land, Land Tenure and Land Law Reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 The Pre-Colonial Land Tenure Systems in Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Tenure Systems and Land Law Reforms under German Colonial Rule. . . . . . .53 Tenure Systems and Land Law Reforms under British Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 The Post-Independence Land Question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 The Land Acts as the New Land Law of Tanzania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Land Delivery Systems: The Acquisition of Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Land Allocation by the State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Land Acquisition by Purchase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Land Acquisition by Adverse Possession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Land Acquisition by Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Land Acquisition by Gift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117 Co-occupancy and Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118 Rights and Obligations of the Holder of a Right of Occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Easement and Analogous Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 Land Delivery Syetems: Disposition of Land or Interests in Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Land Transfer by Sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Transfer of Land Interests by Lease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152 Transfer of Land Interests by Mortgage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181 Compulsory Acquisition of Land by the State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Succession and the Law of Inheritance in Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Testacy, Intestacy and Freedom of Testation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211 Laws of Inheritance and their Scope of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Rules of Procedure in the Administration of Estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .234 Powers and Duties of Administrators of Estates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 The Role of an Administrator-General in Administration of Estate. . . . . . . . .251 Women and the Right to Land in Tanzania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 The International Law Jurisprudence on Women’s Right to Land. . . . . . . . . . .254 The Domestic Jurisprudence on Women’s Right to Land before the Land Acts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 National Jurisprudence on Women’s Right to Land under the Land Acts . . .278 The Right to Land of the Indigenous Minorities in Tanzania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 General Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 International Concern on the Right to Land of Indigenous and Minority People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284 The Tanzanian Jurisprudence on the Right to Land of the Indigenous Minorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299 The Right to Compensation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 The Right to Compensation in International Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306 Compensation and the Law in Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Grey Areas in the Realization of the Right to Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Land Disputes, Litigation and the Role of Courts in Tanzania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 General Overview on Land Disputes and the Role of Courts in Tanzania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324 Establishment, Composition and Powers of Land Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 Legal Technicalities Affecting a Person’s Right to Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363 Appendixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 List of Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403 ...