The Blood of the People: Revolution and the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra

Contents

ix Contents Tables and Maps xii Plates xiii Preface xiv Preface to the Second Edition xvii Glossary and Abbreviations xix I. Patterns of Kingship 1 II. Dutch-Occupied Aceh 7 Armed Resistance 7 Backing the Ulèëbalang 13 Patterns of Ulèëbalang Resistance 18 Education 25 The Religious Revival 27 PUSA 30 Ulèëbalang under Fire 33 III. The Ethnic Web of East Sumatra 40 Europeans 40 Labour 43 Deli-Langkat-Serdang: The Opulent Sultanates 48 The Southern Malay States 54 The Sultans and the Dutch in the 1930s 56 Simalungun 60 Karoland 63 The Urban Superculture 67 The Political Movement 69 Persatuan Sumatera Timur 81 The Land Issue, 1938‒41 83 00 BP fm.indd 9 2/28/14 9:44:12 AM  Contents IV. 1942: The Hands Declared 89 Contacting the Japanese 90 Revolt in Aceh 93 The F-kikan in Control 97 East Sumatra in Disarray 98 Return of the Rajas 101 The Aron Movement 105 V. The Japanese Experience 110 Administrative Change 111 New Roles for the Pergerakan 114 Islamic Policy, 1942‒43 119 Military Mobilization 123 Giyūgun 126 “Participation” 129 Economic Pressure 134 pusa Advances, 1943‒44 138 TALAPETA 142 Preparing “Independence” 147 The Régime in Crisis 149 Leaders of Sumatra 152 VI. The Agents of Revolution in East Sumatra 156 A City Leaderless 156 The Pemuda Mobilize 162 The Republic Proclaimed 165 The Allied Landings and Violence 168 Pemuda in Arms 172 Confronting the British and Japanese, November– December 1945 178 The Republic and the Kerajaan 183 The Formation of Political Parties 186 VII. Eclipse of the Ulèëbalang 194 Expectations 194 A Republican Government 197 Struggle for Arms 203 Polarization in Pidië 207 The Cumbok War 214 The Destruction of Ulèëbalang Authority 220 00 BP fm.indd 10 2/28/14 9:44:12 AM Contents xi VIII. “Social Revolution” 228 The Collapse of Traditional Government 228 Persatuan Perjuangan and Polarization 237 “A Night of Blood” 243 Revolution or Putsch 248 Reaction 254 IX. Princes, Politicians, and Peasants 264 Appendix: Government Office-holders, 1945‒46 278 Bibliography 281 Index 289 00 BP fm.indd 11 2/28/14 9:44:12 AM ...