Agriculture in the Malaysian Region

List of Tables

vii List of Tables 2.1 Estimates of Population and Employment in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, 1979 7 2.2 Agricultural Exports as Proportion of all Exports, Selected Years 1960–79 (%) 8 2.3 Comparison of Oil Palm and Rubber (early 1970s) 13 2.4 Estimates of Agricultural Land Use in Malaysia (1976–77) 15 2.5 Land Use by Crop in Peninsular Malaysia (1966) and Sabah (1970) 19 2.6 Index of Land Use Specialization in Malaysia 20 4.1 Estimated Area under Rubber in Malaysia; Estates, Land Development Schemes and Small-holdings, 1972 30 4.2 Estimated Area under Mature Oil Palm; Estates and National Land Development Schemes in Malaysia, 1978 (ha) 33 4.3 Estimated Area under Coconut in Malaysia; Estates and Small-holdings, Late 1970s (ha) 36 4.4 Estimated Rice Areas and Yields in Malaysia, 1976–77 41 4.5 Estimated Area and Production of Rice in Malaysia (selected years, 1964–65 to 1976–77) 44 4.6 Estimated Area under Minor Crops in Peninsular Malaysia, 1978 46 4.7 Miscellaneous Agricultural Statistics for East Malaysia 46 5.1 The Characteristics of Major Types of Agriculture (according to the World Typology) 53 5.2 Malaysian Types Compared 58 6.1 The Annual Cycle of Cultivation at Rumah Ancheh, Lemanak District, Sarawak, 1962–63 81 6.2 Labour Inputs amongst Shifting Cultivators, Lemanak, Sarawak (person-days) 83 7.1 Land Ownership by Households in Sampled Areas of Peninsular Malaysia (%) 106 7.2 Size Distribution of Rice Land in Peninsular Malaysia and Selected Areas (1960s) 112 7.3 Average Size of Rice Farms by Tenure Status in Peninsular Malaysia (1960s) (ha) 115 7.4 Average Labour Inputs for Rice Cultivation in Seberang Perai and Kemubu (Kelantan) 125 7.5 Average Rice Farm Budgets in Seberang Perai during the early 1960s (MR year) 129 7.6 Average Estimated Production Returns to Muda Rice Farmers 133 8.1 Small-holder Rubber Areas, New Plantings, Replantings and Total Area in Peninsular Malaysia, 1954–73 (’000 ha) 143 8.2 Land Ownership in Kg. Bagan, Johor (%) 157 8.3 Size Distribution (%) of Rubber Small-holdings in Peninsular Malaysia (1960) and in Bentong District (1962–68) 158 8.4 Estimated Annual Budgets of Low and High-yielding Rubber Small-holdings (late 1970s) 165 8.5 FeLDA Schemes and Areas to 1977 172 8.6 Estimated Annual Budgets for Rubber Small-holdings on Land Development Schemes (early 1970s) 174 8.7 A Comparison of Private and Development Scheme Rubber Small-holdings in Peninsular Malaysia 175 9.1 Estimated Contribution of Plantation Agriculture to Exports in Malaysia, 1979 185 9.2 Employment Structure by Type of Estate, 1960 200 9.3 Estimated Numbers (’000s) and Proportion (%) of Employees in the Estate Sector by Type of Estate, Selected Years 202 viii List of Tables 9.4 Estate Ownership by Size groups in Peninsular Malaysia, 1972–73 (per cent of planted area) 203 9.5 Sizes of Rubber and Oil Palm Estates in Peninsular Malaysia, 1972–73 203 10.1 Types, Number, Estimated Area and Average Size of Intensive Farms in Singapore, 1973 212 10.2 Intensive Agriculture: Area, Production, Pigs and Poultry, 1970–73 213 10.3 Some Common Short-term Crop-plants on Intensive Farms 217 11.1 Malaysia: Indicators of Structural Change, 1970–2010 234 11.2 Contribution of Agriculture to National and State GDP and Index of Agriculture in National Economy, by State, 2010 235 11.3 Value Added and Gross Fixed Capital Formation in Agriculture, by Sector, 1991 and 2000 (%) 238 11.4 Peninsular Malaysia: Proportion of Cultivated Area by Crop (%) and Total Crop Area (’000 ha), Selected Years, 1970–2008 239 11.5 Peninsular Malaysia: Proportion (%) of “Other” Agricultural Land by Use, 2008 245 11.6 Soil Loss under Different Agricultural Uses 254 12.1 Direct Subsidies and Incentive Payments in Rice Production, 2009 264 12.2 Malaysia, Rice: Planted Area (’000 ha and %) by State and Region, Selected Years 265 12.3 Malaysia: Planted Area and Production of Natural Rubber, 1980–2011, Selected Years (yield data from differing sources) 273 12.4 Malaysia: Area of Oil Palm and Production of Palm Oil, Selected Years 280 12.5 International Prices for Palm Oil (US$ per ton) and Rubber (US$ per ton) in January, Selected Years, 1980–2012 (values rounded) 281 List of Tables ix 12.6 Malaysia: Cocoa, Cultivated Area (’000 ha) by Region, Selected Years 289 12...