Rice in Malaya

Contents

vii Contents Tables ix Figures x Preface xi Acknowledgements xiv Abbreviations xvi A Preliminary Note xviii Introduction xix 1. RICE IN THE PREHISTORIC CULTURES OF 1 SOUTH-EAST ASIA Rice in Hoabinhian and Related Cultures 2 Rice in the Cultures of the Extensionistic Phase 3 Later Evidences of Rice 5 Rice in Prehistoric Times: Some Conclusions 11 2. RICE IN EARLY HISTORICAL TIMES 14 Tonkin and Northern Annam 14 The Mekong: Funan, Champa and Cambodia 15 The Piedmont Kingdoms 19 Siam 20 The Archipelago 21 The Malay Peninsula 22 3. TOWARDS A COLONIAL ECONOMY: 30 THE PENINSULA NORTH AND SOUTH TO c.1800 The Northern Region 31 The Southern Region 34 Typology, Techniques and the Social Setting 40 4. THE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH 52 CENTURIES: THE NORTHERN MALAY STATES The North-West: Kedah and Perlis 55 The North-East: Kelantan and Trengganu 70 viii Contents 5. THE NORTHERN CENTRE: PENANG AND 78 PROVINCE WELLESLEY The Spread of Agriculture 79 Province Wellesley 82 Province Wellesley – A Statistical Profile, 1829–33 87 Cultivation Techniques and Natural Hazards, the Round of Work, Yields 95 Production and Prices 102 Conclusion 103 6. THE NORTHERN CENTRE: PERAK 105 Changes Prior to Intervention 106 Perak in the mid-1870s 108 Development: Motives and Schemes 114 Expansion of the Established Core 117 The Colonized Lands 123 Conclusion 133 7. THE SOUTHERN CENTRE: MALACCA AND 135 NEGRI SEMBILAN Malacca (excluding Naning) to c.1910 136 The Minangkabau Lands (including Naning) to c.1910 144 The Malacca Plains and the Minangkabau Lands: A Comparison 149 8. THE MARCHLANDS 163 The Colonized Lands 164 Pahang 181 Johore and Singapore 189 Rice-growing beyond Tanah Melayu 191 9. PATTERN AND PROCESS 195 The Spatial Pattern and Its Evolution 197 Initiatives in the Expansion of the Cultivated Area 205 A Typology and Its Evolution 210 The Regional Pattern of Economic Processes 217 Rice Growers in a Changing Society 224 Concluding Discussion 226 Glossary 231 Bibliography 237 Index 257 ...