Americans and Macao: Trade, Smuggling, and Diplomacy on the South China Coast

Notes

Notes Introduction 1 Jane Hunter, The Gospel of Gentility: American Women Missionaries in Turn-of-the-Century China (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984). 2 Ken Cuthbertson, Nobody Said Not to Go: The Life, Loves, andAdventures of Emily Hahn (Boston: Faber and Faber, 1998). We do not recall much about Macao in Hahn’s stream of vivid books about China, but she was linked to its history by her long marriage to Charles Ralph Boxer, the most important historian of Macao writing in English in the twentieth century. 3 Janice R. McKinnon and Stephen R. McKinnon, Agnes Smedley: The Life and Times of an American Radical (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988). Chapter 1 1 This chapter was delivered as the keynote lecture for the conference on “Americans, Macao and China 1784–1950: Historical Relations, Interactions, and Connections,” University of Macau, December 7–9, 2008. I thank Dean Hao Yufan and Hao Zhidong and all my colleagues in the Department of History of the University of Macao, including Paul A. Van Dyke, George Chuxiong Wei, and Robert Antony. 2 The fullest English-language summary of these negotiations drawing on both English and Chinese sources is Earl Swisher, “The Treaty of Wanghia,” in Kenneth W. Rea, ed., Early Sino-American Relations, 1841–1912: The Collected Articles of Earl Swisher (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1977), pp. 56–107. A first and in some ways still the best English-language summary of the negotiations at the end of the Opium War using Chinese sources is John King Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842– 1854, 2 vols. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953). On the Cushing negotiations see Vol. 1, pp. 196–199. For translations of many basic Qing documents see Earl Swisher, China’s Management of American Barbarians: A Study of Sino-American Relations, 1841–1861, with Documents (Ann Arbor: Far Eastern Association, 1953, reprint New York: Octagon Books, 1972), Chs. 2, 3. The Library of Congress Cushing Papers, used by Belohlavek and others, are surveyed in Jacques M. Downs, “The Caleb Cushing Papers and Other China Trade Materials at the Library of Congress,” and Jonathan Goldstein, “Comment,” Committee on East Asian Libraries Bulletin, Number 86, February 1989, pp. 1–28. I thank Goldstein for sending me a copy of this paper. 3 The name is pronounced to rhyme with “bushing,” not with “crushing”. 4 For a thoroughly researched account of Cushing’s many-sided life see John M. Belohlavek, Broken Glass: Caleb Cushing and the Shattering of the Union (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2005). For Cushing’s China phase in the English-language sources see Belohlavek, Ch. 6 and Tyler Dennett, Americans in Eastern Asia: A Critical Study of the Policy of the United States with Reference to China, Japan and Korea in the 19th Century (New York: Macmillan, 1922, reprinted New York: Barnes & Noble, 1941), Chs. VII, VIII. For the perspectives of the distinguished American medical missionary Peter Parker, who did much interpreting and advising for Cushing, see Edward V. Gulick, Peter Parker and the Opening of China (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1973), Ch. 8. 5 Fang Chao-ying, “Ch’i-ying,” in Arthur W. Hummell, ed., Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period, 2 vols. (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1943), Vol. 1, pp. 130–134. 6 Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy, Vol. 1, pp. 110–113. 7 Belohlavek, Broken Glass, p. 167. 8 Swisher, “Treaty of Wanghia,” p. 84. 9 Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy, Vol. 1, p. 110. 10 Kenneth Pomeranz, The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). 11 For an excellent summary and citation of the controversial literature see Victor Lieberman, Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, 2 vols. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, 2009), Vol. 2, pp. 565–576. 12 For an excellent account by a distinguished writer on financial topics see Peter L. Bernstein, Wedding of the Waters: The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation (New York and London: Norton, 2005); quote from p. 353. 13 Kenneth Pomeranz, The Making of a Hinterland: State, Society, and Economy in Inland North China, 1853–1937 (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Oxford: University of California Press, 1993); Jane Kate Leonard, Controlling from Afar: The Daoguang Emperor’s Management of the 154 Notes to pp. 4–12 [3.139.97.157] Project MUSE (2024...