Taking Control: Autonomy in Language Learning

Index

Index adult education see education system affective factors 63,123-4,139-41, 169-79,186,191,204, 231,263; see also confidence, motivation, self-esteem Ager et al. 116 Allwright 29,30,167 Altman & James 1 Amor et al. 270 Armitage 223 assessment 32 peer assessment 60,123,125, 133-46 reliability of 137-45 public /university examinations 51,54 , 79 self-assessment 18-19,20 , 21, 26, 59, 67, 77-91,103,123,134, 135,145,163-4,167,178 reliability of 82-3, 88,89, 135 teacher assessment 98,103,104, 134,135,137-9,143,178 Assinder 17 Aston 167,169 authentic see materials autodidaxy 3, 5 autonomy see also autodidaxy, learning how to learn, selfdirected learnin g and culture 5-6,10-11, 20,46-7, 49-58,59, 77-91,97-8,208, 253-4 and first language acquisition / developmental learning 77, 201,204-6,208 and interaction 203-18 and language background 59 and literacy 208,209 and power structures see autonomy: political and self-directed learnin g 3-4 and technology 35-36,58, 201, 211-18; see also technology as a central human characteristic 201,203,218 as a characterisitic of successfu l learning 204 attitudes towards 44,80, 85 concepts of 27-34 conscious/unconscious 208 constraints on 201,204 criteria /approaches fo r developing 20-1,35-48,115, 203,213,218 definitions 2-4, 6,15,29,30,37, 50,150,203-4 degrees/extent of 3-4,9,13,26, 150 development of 163 328 Inde x in formal institutions 5, 9,1617 ,21-6, 34,38, 77, 84, 86, 89, 115-32,143, 204,208-10,249, 265-80 linguistic 33, 34 mamstreaming of 2,10, 28,149, 152 personal 3, 27, 50,52,218 political 6,10,27-34,50 psychological/individual 6,10 , 20-1,28, 30, 33,52, 97,104,2046 social 6, 30, 33,34, 205-6,207 subject-matter see autonomy: linguistic use of the concept 47,48 Bachman & Palmer 135 Bacon 80, 87, 88; & Finnemann 169, 170 Bailey 63 Baker & Jones 80 Balla et al. 51, 54 Ballard & Clanchy 85 Bannister & Fransella 263 Bare 117 Barnes 206, 207,267 de Bary 46 Beatty 117 Belkin 111 Benesch 31 Benson 6 Berry 234 Bhatia 234 Bickley 263 Biggs 53 Blanche & Merino 167 Block 167,170 Blue 167 Boekarts 88 Bolt 237 Bolton 96, 97 Boud 50 Brindley 26, 62 Brockett & Hiemstra 5 Brookes & Grundy 1, 256 Brookfield 3, 5,28, 32 Brown et al. 149,153 Bruner 40,42,43, 206, 207, 208, 210,254 Burke 255 Bush & Crotty 222, 223 business 235 CALL (computer-assiste d language learning) see technology Candy 3, 8, 31,33 Carkhuff 11 1 Carvalho 219 catalogue 41,179; see also materials: classification of Cathcart & Vaughn 14 Chan & Hui 52 Chapelle 281; & Mizuno 282 Chiang 55 child language acquisition see language acquisition child rearing 205-6 Ch'ingtsze 55-6 choice 10,39-40,100,104,185; see also under materials Chomsky 38 Chu Hsi 56 Clarke 133,169 classification see materials: classification of classroom learning 9,13-26, 29-30, 54, 89,106,160-1, 206-8, 209, 267, 268-80; see also autonomy in formal institutions, education system: levels, Index 32 9 learners: level Cobb & Stevens 282 cognitive strategies/awarenes s 154-8,161-4; see also language awareness Cohen & Manion 68 collaborative learning see interaction communication in the classroom/self-acces s centre 19-20,192, 206-7, 209-10 outside the classroom 20, 2067 , 216-17 strategies 192,193,19 7 communicative methodology 2; see also under materials computers see technology confidence 17 , 73-4, 75, 83, 87,1078 ,110-11,123,124,134,144, 145,148,190-1,193,194-5,222, 231, 232 Confucius/Confucian ethic s 49, 51,56, 88 constructivist approaches 31; see also knowledge contracts 61, 79,102-3,117 control of the learning process 3, 10,31-2,37-8,43,47,51-2,53-4, 59, 60, 61, 73-4, 75, 77, 84,102, 115,143,145,160,194-5, 204, 212, 213,216,232,238, 282; see also self-directed learnin g conversation see communication, dialogue, interaction, negotiation conversation exchange 44, 60,11532 ; see also e-mail pen pals Cooper et al. 219 Corder 193 corpora 239-40, 243, 272, 283,285-6 Council of Europe 29,35 counselling 42-3, 44,52,58, 60...