Deepening Democracy in Indonesia?: Direct Elections for Local Leaders (Pilkada)

8. GENDER AND REFORM IN INDONESIAN POLITICS: The Case of a Javanese Woman Bupati

174 174 Tri Ratnawati 8 GENDER AND REFORM IN INDONESIAN POLITICS The Case of a Javanese Woman Bupati Tri Ratnawati INTRODUCTION: WOMEN IN INDONESIAN POLITICS It is often stated that an important feature for the consolidation of democracy is the inclusion of the marginalized into the decision-making process; one of the marginalized groups often cited is women (Chusnul Mari’yah 2002; Haynes 2001, p. 10). Indeed, in the process of reform that started in Indonesia with the fall of Soeharto in 1998, the inclusion of women has been one of the stated goals. Some women activists argue that “Democracy without the involvement of women is not democracy” (Chusnul Mari’yah 2002, p. 4). A quota of 30 per cent inclusion of women politicians, for both the representatives (DPR) and the local district leaders (bupati), was formulated as a goal in the legislative elections of 2004. Although there was pressure from women’s groups to implement this quota, it was in the end decided that it would be encouraged, but not required. Since it was not mandatory, nowhere was a 30 per cent rate of female political participation met, and there has been both passive and active resistance to the wider inclusion of women in politics in Indonesia. In this chapter I want to examine one case of a woman who has made her name in local politics in Indonesia, Rustriningsih, the bupati of Kebumen District in Central Java, and examine what her election has meant to reform and the consolidation of democracy in Indonesia. 174 08 DeepeningDemocracy Ch 8 1/15/09, 11:18 AM 174 175 Gender and Reform in Indonesian Politics 175 Under the New Order there were several women bupati in Indonesia. But as Hana Satriyo notes: Women’s political participation reached its lowest point during the New Order period. The strong central government in Jakarta was able to intervene in the activities of all formal and informal political institutions, at both the national and local level. As part of its tight control over political parties and national and local parliaments, the Soeharto administration made sure that most women politicians were appointed on the basis of their connections with prominent and politically powerful men.The limitations on women’s political participation were even greater at the local than at the national level. Structural barriers (such as party regulations) preventing women from entering local political institutions worked hand in hand with patriarchal values to discourage women from taking up public positions and participating in public affairs (Satriyo, 2003, p. 219). In 2000, Rustriningsih was the first woman bupati elected democratically by the local legislature under Habibie’s regime. She had emerged as politically active during the New Order when she became a member of the PDI (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia — Indonesian Democratic Party), Megawati’s party, in Kebumen District. After the end of the New Order, it was Megawati, as the national leader of the PDI-P party (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia — Perjuangan — Indonesian Democratic Party — Struggle), who brought Rustriningsih further into the political orbit. The worldwide concern with gender issues during the reform era focused on Megawati and Rustriningsih in their positions as political leaders; the press and mass media, which had become much freer in the reform era, helped to make Rustriningsih famous, both nationally and internationally. Additionally, a favourable democratic political environment in the reform era made it easier for female political activists to connect with the world. Rustriningsih and Megawati used their networks (“think-tanks”, consultants, including some Indonesian intellectuals who had graduated abroad) to link them with the “global market” funding gender reform. Hence Rustriningsih and Megawati became symbols of “the weak”, who had been repressed by an authoritarian regime, gaining attention, sympathy, and funding from global human rights activists. Being a woman politician in Indonesia at the time brought real advantages to these women, and this did inspire some other Indonesian women to get involved in the public domain. Rustriningsih, then, can be seen as one of the Indonesian women who symbolized the emergence of women in politics in the country. The question is, however, whether these women have used their position to further the cause of democracy and the inclusion of the marginalized in 08 DeepeningDemocracy Ch 8 1/15/09, 11:18 AM 175 176 176 Tri Ratnawati decision-making, or whether they have utilized their positions more for their own personal benefit, thus furthering the pattern of corruption...