Modernizing Repression: Police Training and Nation-Building in the American Century

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Mark Hosenball, Ron Moreau, and T. Christian Miller, "The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight: Six Billion Dollars Later, the Afghan National Police Can't Begin to Do Their lobs Right-Never Mind Relieve American Forces;' Newsweek, March 19, 2010, 29. 2. See Martha K. Huggins, Political Policing: The United States and Latin America (Durham : Duke University Press, 1998); Michael T. Klare and Cynthia Aronson, Supplying Repression: U.S. Supportfor Authoritarian Regimes Abroad (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Policy Studies, 1981); A. j. Langguth, Hidden Terrors: The Truth about U.S. Police Operations in Latin America (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), 120. 3. George Orwell, Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays (New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1945), 3-4. 4. See Lesley Gill, The School of the Americas: Military Training and Political Violence in the Americas (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), for a parallel. 5. See Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order 1877- 1920 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1966); Tony Platt, ed., The Iron Fist and the Velvet Glove: An Analysis ofthe U.S. Police (Berkeley: Center for Research on Criminal Justice, 1975). 6. See William E. Leuchtenburg, "Progressivism and Imperialism: TI1e Progressive Movement and American Foreign Policy, 1898-1916:' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 39 (December 1952): 500; Alan Dawley, Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003). For insights into the ideological vision of policy elites, see Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987); Gabriel Kolko, The Roots ofAmerican Foreign Policy: An Analysis ofPower and Purpose (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969); Michael Latham, The Right Kind of Revolution: Modernization, Development, and U.s. Foreign Policy from the Cold War to the Present (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2011). 7. On this point, see Alfred W. McCoy, Policing Americas Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise ofthe Surveillance State (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009). 8. Mark H. Haller, "Historical Roots of Police Behavior: Chicago, 1890- 1925;' Law and Society Review 10 (Winter 1976): 308. 9. Frank I. Donner, Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); Samuel Walker, Popular Justice: A History ofAmerican Criminal Justice, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 62. 10. Lincoln Steffens, The Autobiography of Lincoln Steffens, vol. I (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1931), 207. 11. Simon A. Cole, Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Samuel Walker, A Critical History of Police Reform (Washington, D.C.: Lexington Books, 1977). 257 12. Marilynn S. Johnson, Street Justice: A History ofPolice Violence in New York City (Boston : Beacon Press, 2003), 9; Donner, Protectors ofPrivilege, 44-64; Sydney Harring, Policing a Class Society: The Experience ofAmerican Cities, 1865-1915 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1983). 13. Richard A. Leo, Police Interrogation and American justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2008), 24; National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement, no. 11 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1931), 38, 173; National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, Report on Police, no. 14 (Washington, D.C: GPO, 1931), 17; Gene E. Carte and Elaine H. Carte, Police Reform in the United States: The Era of August Vollmer, 1905-1932 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 66- 67; Emmanuel H. Lavine, The Third Degree: A Detailed and Appalling Expose of Police Brutality (New York: Vanguard Press, 1930); Platt, The Iron Fist and the Velvet Glove, 32- 41; Joe Domanick, To Protect and to Serve: The LAPDs Century of War in the City of Dreams (New York: Figueroa, 2003), 49. For more on the problems associated with police "professionalization" in the Progressive Era, see 'Thomas A. Reppetto, The Blue Parade (New York: Free Press, 1978); and William Turner, The Police Establishment (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1968). 14. See David Rothman, Conscience and Convenience: The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980); Rebecca M. McLennan, The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making ofthe American Penal State, 1776- 1941 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008). 15. See Donald L. Garrity, "The Prison as Rehabilitative Agency;' in The Prison: Studies in Institutional Organization and Change, ed. Donald Cressey (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961), 358- 81; Frank Tannenbaum, Crime and the Community (Boston: Ginn, 1939),71; Mabel Elliott, Coercion in Penal Treatment: Past and Present (Ithaca, N.Y.: Pacifist Research Bureau, 1947), 38, 41; James V. Bennett, with...