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[ 463 ] Appendix Major Periods in the History of U.S. Journalism - 1704 –1832 The politicization of news. Printer-editors, using muscle-powered hand presses, turn to politics to survive, and journalism becomes increasingly political and partisan. (Chapters 1–2) 1833–1900 The commercialization of news. Finding a mass audience, journalism becomes big business with high capital requirements and an elaborate division of labor. (Chapters 3–5) 1900–1974 The professionalization of news. As the news “media” (now including broadcasting and weekly magazines) grow and become corporate, some journalists assert an ethos of public service, independence, and “objectivity.” (Chapters 6–9) 1965–1995 The conglomeration of news. Most mainstream media become parts of giant leveraged companies , usually managed by non-journalists. Big Media become ever bigger, raising the cost of a startup to nearly $1 billion. (Chapters 10–13) 1995– The digitization of news. The personal computer and the Internet disrupt all the old models. New forms arise and begin the process of defining a new philosophy of journalism that is compatible with the new economy. (Chapter 14) ...

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