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| 253 Notes Introduction 1. Ralph Pack, interview with author, January 19, 2000, Cleveland Public Library, Cleveland, Ohio. 2. Pack, January 19, 2000. 3. Ralph Pack, interview with author, June 6, 2000, Frost Radio, Cleveland, Ohio. 4. For more on the methodology of my oral history research, see Daniel Kerr, “‘We Know What the Problem Is’: Using Oral History to Develop a Collaborative Analysis of Homelessness from the Bottom Up,” Oral History Review, Winter/ Spring 2003; and Daniel Kerr, “Countering Corporate Narratives from the Streets: The Cleveland Homeless Oral History Project,” in Oral History and Public Memories , ed. Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2008). 5. Robert Jackson, interview with author, November 27, 2001, Frost Radio, Cleveland , Ohio; Dechaun Gill, interview with author, November 13, 2001, Frost Radio, Cleveland, Ohio; Edward Wells, interview with author, March 14, 2000, Bishop Cosgrove Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Alphonso Beverly, interview with author, March 13, 2001, Frost Radio, Cleveland, Ohio; Anthony Gentile, interview with author, September 5, 1999, Public Square, Cleveland, Ohio; Pamela Wagner, interview with Chris Dole, August 8, 2000, Frost Radio, Cleveland, Ohio. 6. Michael Taylor, interview with author, April 6, 2000, 2100 Lakeside Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. 7. Dechaun Gill, November 13, 2001; John Appling, interview with author, September 5, 1999, Public Square, Cleveland, Ohio. 8. Anthony Gentile, September 5, 1999. 9. Anthony Ball, interview with author, May 30, 1999, Public Square, Cleveland, Ohio; Pamela Wagner, August 8, 2000. 10. Ralph Pack, interview with author, September 12, 1999, Public Square, Cleveland, Ohio; Ralph Pack, June 6, 2000. 11. Robert Jackson, November 27, 2001; Dave Campbell, interview with author, April 20, 2000, Bishop Cosgrove Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Jason Maiden, interview with author, November 28, 1999. Public Square, Cleveland, Ohio. 12. John Appling, September 5, 1999. 13. Anthony Ball, May 30, 1999. 14. Charles Gist, interview with Chris Dole, June 11, 2000, Frost Radio, Cleveland, Ohio; Thomas Smith, interview with author, September 12, 1999, Public Square, Cleveland, Ohio. 254 | Notes to Pages 7–11 15. Dorothy O’Dell, interview with author, September 24, 2000, Public Square, Cleveland , Ohio. The federally funded Section 8 and Shelter Plus Care programs provide rental assistance to low-income families and homeless people with disabilities. 16. Robert Best, interview with author, March 16, 2000, Bishop Cosgrove Center, Cleveland, Ohio. 17. Mark Hennigan, interview with author, May 15, 2001, Frost Radio, Cleveland, Ohio. 18. Draimon Shepard, interview with author, May 15, 2001, Frost Radio, Cleveland, Ohio; Brenda Crosby, interview with author, May 8, 2001, Frost Radio, Cleveland , Ohio; Robert Molchan, interview with author, March 20, 2001, Frost Radio, Cleveland, Ohio; Edward Wells, March 14, 2000. 19. Examples of this scholarship include Peter Rossi, Down and Out in America: The Origins of Homelessness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Gregg Barak, Gimme Shelter: A Social History of Homelessness in Contemporary America (New York: Praeger, 1991); Martha Burt, Over the Edge: The Growth of Homelessness in the 1980s (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1992); Stephanie Golden, The Women Outside: Meanings and Myths of Homelessness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); and Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994). Kenneth Kusmer’s grand narrative of the history of homelessness in the United States shares many of the strengths and weaknesses of this social science literature: Down & Out, On the Road: The Homeless in American History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). Studies attentive to the power relationships that inform this work, include David Wagner, Checkerboard Square: Culture and Resistance in a Homeless Community (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993); David A. Snow and Leon Anderson, Down on Their Luck: A Study of Homeless Street People (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Joanne Passaro, The Unequal Homeless: Men in the Streets, Women in their Place (New York: Routledge, 1996); Talmadge Wright, Out of Place: Homeless Mobilizations, Subcities, and Contested Landscapes (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997); and Vincent Lyon-Callo, Inequality, Poverty, and Neoliberal Governance: Activist Ethnography in the Homeless Sheltering Industry (Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press, 2004). 20. Kim Hopper and Jill Hamberg, The Making of America’s Homeless: From Skid Row to New Poor, 1945–1984 (New York: Community Service Society of New York, 1984). 21. Kenneth Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); Arnold Hirsch, Making the Second Ghetto: Race and Housing in Chicago, 1940–1960 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983); Thomas J. Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton: Princeton...

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