Brokered Boundaries: Immigrant Identity in Anti-Immigrant Times

Index

Index abandonment, as visual representation of American identity, 234, 237 academia, Latino threat narrative, 70– 71 acculturation, 2, 6 Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, 65 adolescents, labor market for, 8, 9 African Americans, 3–4, 14, 81, 137 African origins: and American identity , 209, 210; of Brazilian immigrants , 125; of Dominican immigrants , 125–26; and labor force participation, 105; and motivations for migration, 54; and occupational mobility, 110, 111, 112; and perceptions of opportunity, inequality, and discrimination, 143; regional comparison, 32, 34–36; and remittances , 177, 178, 179, 180, 181; and return home intention, 55; and small business ownership, 116; and wages, 112, 114; and work hours, 105 age analyses: American identity, 210; by gender, 28; labor force participation , 103, 105; motivations for migration , 53, 54; occupational mobility , 110, 112; perceptions of opportunity, inequality, and discrimination , 142, 144, 145; remittances , 177, 178, 179, 180, 181; return home intention, 55; sample characteristics , 28; small business ownership , 116; wages, 112, 114; work hours, 105 Alba, R., 12, 13, 58, 60, 242, 254 ambition, 200 American Dream, 43, 119, 141, 243 American identity: adoption of over Latino identity, 21–22, 203–12, 238– 39, 244–45; descriptions of, 245; rejection of, 21, 204, 207, 209, 211–12, 247–48; visual representations of, 228–39, 245 ancestral roots. See racial-ethnic roots anti-immigrant attitudes and policies: border enforcement, 73–78; economic factors, 58–68; history of, 58; and identity formation, 211–12, 251–52; impact on life of immigrants , 79–80; Latino threat narrative , 68–71; legislation, 71–76 Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (1996), 75 Argentinean immigrants, 32, 120, 138, 155, 171–72 ascription, 14 Asian Americans, low-wage workers, 81 Asian roots, of Latin American immigrants , 32, 34 Boldface numbers refer to figures and tables. 294 Index assimilation: of African Americans, 3–4; alternatives to, 4; and American identity formation, 209; Americans ’ views of, 1–2; canonical theory of, 2–4; classical theory of, 209; Gordon ’s stages, 2; and immigrant enclaves , 10; prospects for Latin American immigrants, 2, 24–25; research methodology, 253–54; segmented assimilation, 5–9, 251; and transnationalism, 10–12; as twoway process of boundary negotiation , 12–16, 250–52 Assimilation in American Life (Gordon), 2 asylum, 75 attitudes, as Latino identity source, 196–97. See also anti-immigrant attitudes and policies; public opinion polls and surveys automobiles, 222, 231, 232 Aztlan Plot, 70 baby boomers, 60, 250 Bach, R., 10 banking, 64, 160, 161 bankruptcy, 63–65 Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (2005), 64–65 Barth, F., 14 Bernhardt, A., 81, 82, 102, 113 Beyond the Melting Pot (Glazer and Moynihan), 4 Black Americans and immigrants, 3–4, 14, 81, 137. See also African origins blood, as Latino identity source, 196 Bolivian immigrants, 44, 130, 150, 162 border enforcement: expansion after 9/11, 51, 70; and illegal immigration , 246; legislation, 73–75; Operation Gatekeeper, 74; trends, 76–78; U.S. budget for, 77; violence, 71 boundary-brokering, 12–16, 241–42 boundary work, 14, 36, 241 Brazilian immigrants: contact with friends and relatives in home country , 149, 150, 156; discrimination experiences , 135; Latino identity, 186, 188, 195, 244; motivations for migration , 42–43, 45–46, 48–49; perceptions of inequality, 125; perceptions of opportunity, 120, 122; race, 26, 32, 125; remittances, 163, 173–74; restaurant workers, 83–84; return migration , 52–53; undocumented immigrants , 57 Buchanan, P., 70 buildings, as visual representation of American identity, 228, 231, 233 Bureau of Economic Analysis, 63, 66 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 67 Burgess, E., 253 business opportunities, as motivation for immigration, 42–43, 48–49 CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement), 246 California, Proposition 187, 74 calling cards, 149, 151, 154–55, 157 canonical theory of assimilation, 2–4 Caribbean immigrants: American identity, 210; business ownership, 116; gender distribution, 27, 28; labor force participation, 105; occupational mobility, 110; perceptions of opportunity, inequality, and discrimination , 143; population statistics , 27; race, 31–32, 34, 36; remittances , 177, 178, 179, 180, 181; return migration, 55; wages, 114. See also immigrants from specific countries cars, 222, 231, 232 Castells, M., 228, 243, 244, 248 cell phones, 148, 149, 154–55 census data, 3, 27, 59–60, 64, 253 Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), 246 Central American immigrants: American identity, 210; business ownership , 116; gender distribution, 28; labor force participation, 105; occupational mobility, 110; perceptions of opportunity, inequality, and discrimination , 143; population statis- Index 295...