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Index 337 AARP, 255–56n55 Abbott, Edith, 161–62 Achenbaum, Andrew, 146 adulthood, transition to, 130–41. See also life course events African Americans: “balkanized” settlement patterns of, 19–20; boarders , taking in of, 55–56; decline in marriage and disconnection from parenthood among, 133–37, 140–41; earnings gap faced by, 95–99; education and earnings of, 94–96; employment history of, 88–95; fertility rates among, 52–53; gender gap within, 87–88, 90–92, 95; governmental policies as widening inequality for, 68; homeownership by, 98–101; incarceration of male, 88–90; national identity, embrace of, 219; the paradox of inequality and, 64, 86–101; school attendance among children of, 59–60; tenancy among farmers, 11–12; women, employment and wages of, 77–78, 82–83 (see also women). See also race age: the age pyramid, 1900 and 2000, 129; age-specific fertility ratios, 155; developing the meaning of, 126–31; elderly Americans (see elderly, the); heaping, 126. See also life course events Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, 151 agricultural route to immigrant economic incorporation, 103 agriculture: African American farmers at the start of the twentieth century, 90–91; circulation of products as link to cities, 32–33; crop and farm land values, increases in, 10–11; decline of work in, 68–69, 72; farms, drop in percentage of Americans living on, 24; farms, number of early in the twentieth century, 9; fertility rates among farm families, 52–54; finance , communications, and labor markets as link to cities, 33–36; golden age of, 8–11; productivity increases during the nineteenth and early decades of the twentieth centuries , 11; tenant farmers, 11–12 Aid to Dependent Children, 147 Alabama, 45 America, early twentieth century, 7–8; agriculture in, 8–12 (see also agriculture ); domestic linkages in, 30–37; families in, 48–62 (see also families); forces for change in, 14–30; global linkages in, 37–42; government in, 42–48 (see also government); manufacturing and mining in, 12–14, 20–24 (see also manufacturing); population movement in, 14–20; ruralurban tensions, 26–30; urbanization in, 24–25 (see also cities; urbanization ). See also American history Boldface numbers refer to figures and tables. American Association of Retired Persons . See AARP American Civil Liberties Union, 223 American history: comparative history of the immigrant experience (see comparative immigrant history ); continuity and change over the twentieth century, 1–3; early twentieth century (see America, early twentieth century); occupational and industrial eras in the twentieth century, 68; present and future (see America of the twenty- first century); “public” in, 173–74; themes of, 3–5; the twentieth century , similarities in the two ends of, 171–72 American national identity: dual nationality and, 222; elements necessary for understanding, 218; immigration and, 218–22; meaning of, 217–24; outside voices regarding, 218–19; terrorism and, 222–23 America of the twenty-first century, 171–75; cities, the future of, 186–96; economic globalization, the second wave of, 175–79 (see also economic globalization); families, the future of, 196–207; racial identity, the future of, 207–16; work, the future of, 179–86 Anderson, Wilbert L., 31–32 Apfel, Kenneth S., 151–52 APFU (A Place for Us), 270n148 Armour, 23 Association of Multiethnic Americans (AMEA), 270n148 Bailey, Liberty Hyde, 27 Baldassare, Mark, 193 bankruptcy, 67 banks and banking, 33–34, 83–85 Barnard, Henry, 127 Barron, Hal, 28 Baunach, Dawn M., 237n31 Bean, Franklin, 245n76 Bell, Daniel, 190–91 Bianchi, Suzanne A., 161, 238n35 Blue Flame Marketing and Entertainment , 190 Bluestone, Barry, 180 boarding: nonfamily households and, 162; social structure of, 55–56 Bodnar, John, 221 “Boomburbs,” 264n79 Borjas, George J., 245n76 Bose, Christine E., 236n20 Breckenridge, Sophonsiba, 161–62 Brennan, William J., 200 Brown v. Board of Education, 92, 141, 216 Brunner, Edmund deS., 10 Bryan, William Jennings, 26 Bryce, James, 16, 43, 45–47 Buchanan, Patrick, 221 Buchman, Marlis, 133 Buffalo, New York, African American industrial employment in, 92 Bull, Chris, 203 Bush, George W., 68, 152, 205, 223 Byington, Margaret, 54 California: El Centro, fertility rates in, 54; Los Angeles (see Los Angeles, California); no-fault divorce in, 200; Oakland, growth of during the first decade of the twentieth century, 228n45; old age pensions prior to Social Security, 147; Proposition 187, 104; same-sex marriage in, 267n119; urbanization in, 25 canals, 34 capital: international financial integration and flows of, 39; railroads as consumers of, 35; surge of during the late nineteenth century, 24 Carnoy, Martin, 179–80 Carter, Henry C...

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