Economic Inequality and Higher Education: Access, Persistence, and Success

Index

Index 203 Boldface numbers refer to figures and tables. Annual Survey of Colleges, 166 Antonio, A., 86, 96 AP programs, 8, 50 Arizona, remedial programs, 73 Arkansas, school transfer policies, 118 Arkansas Department of Higher Education , 78 Ashenfelter, O., 33, 42n20 Asian Americans: college attendance, 123n25; educational attainment, 116; in remedial programs, 81 aspirations, educational, 112–13 Assessment of Skills for Successful Entry and Transfer (ASSET), 76, 77 associate degree completion: and earnings, 102, 110; and family income, 33; and probability of earning bachelor’s degree, 115; remedial program participants, 91 Australia, income contingent student loans, 37 Avery, C., 137, 153n11, 154n16, 193 Ayers, E., 153n10 bachelor’s degree completion: and earnings, 102; and family income, 33; remedial program participants, 91, 93. See also college graduates Baltimore City Community Colleges (BCCC), 49 Barron’s Educational Guides, 97n4 Barron’s Profiles of American Colleges, 115 academic performance, 106 academic standards, 46–49, 51–52, 53, 59 academic tracking, 48, 49, 53 access, to college, 61–62, 74, 110. See also inequality, in education attainment AccessUVa, 139, 142, 145, 147–48, 154n14, 191 accountability, 61, 178 ACT: family income distribution of students taking, 135; and K-12 academic standards, 52; remedial placement exams, 76; role of, 54; scores of remedial vs. nonremedial program participants, 84; student preparation rates, 44; writing skills study, 46 Adelman, C., 48, 69 advanced degree completion, 33, 34, 102 advanced placement (AP) programs, 8, 50 affordability, 2, 175. See also cost, of postsecondary education African Americans: basic skills, 47; college attendance, 123n25; college preparation, 69; community college enrollment, 102, 115; educational attainment, 27, 116; enrollment at nonselective black colleges and universities , 45; graduation rates, 45; median family income, 45; in remedial programs, 81 Aiken, L., 92 Alabama, high school assessments, 52 Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, 130 204 Index basic skills, 47. See also remedial programs Becketti, S., 40n8 Bennett hypothesis, 160 Berea College, 193–94 Berkner, L., 181n13 Bettinger, E., 78, 97n11 blacks. See African Americans Boston COACH (College Opportunity and Career Help) program, 137, 193 Boston Globe, 147 Bowen, W., 20, 21, 45–46, 154n13, 191 Boyd, S., 133 brand effects, 159–60 Breneman, D., 78 Brewer, D., 115, 198n1 Bridge Project, 50 broad-access institutions. See open enrollment institutions Brown, 133, 141 Bundy Aid program, 198n10 Bunker Hill Community College, 157 Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1 Cal Grant, 134, 145, 192 California: community colleges in, 55; higher education governance, 55; K-12 assessments, 52; opportunity to learn standards, 47–48; state financial aid programs, 134, 145, 192; undergraduate enrollment analysis, 119 California State University, 45, 73, 74 Cal Opportunity Scholarship, 153n12 Carnevale, A., 19 Carnegie Foundation, 53 Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 63n1 Carolina Covenant, 139, 142, 145, 154n14, 19, 191 Case Western Reserve University, 77 census data, 33 charitable giving, 35 charter schools, 178 Cheslock, J., 199n10 Chicago, Illinois, high school counselors , 49–50 Chronicle of Higher Education, 136, 153n10, 154n13 City University of New York (CUNY), 57, 74, 79 civic participation, 1 Clackamas Community College, 119–20 COACH (College Opportunity and Career Help), 137, 193 COFHE (Consortium on Financing Higher Education), 130, 133 college attendance: and family income, 24, 30, 33, 34; racial-ethnic analysis, 116; by socioeconomic status , 123n25 College Board: academic standards, 53; role in allocation of students to different types of colleges, 54; tuition and fees data, 161, 165, 166, 168, 170 college decision-making process, 105–9, 160 college degree completion, 45–46, 69, 91, 115 college degree intent, 93 college graduates: family economic background, 25–26, 30, 33, 34, 44; median income, 101; racial-ethnic analysis, 116; unemployment rates, 101 college graduation rates: African Americans, 45; and family income, 1, 187; Hispanics, 45; low-income students, 187; at select colleges and universities, 45 college information, 137–38, 193 College of William and Mary, 155n22 college placement tests. See placement tests college preparation. See preparation, for college college readiness, defined, 97n1. See also preparation, for college Colorado, high school assessments, 52 community colleges: adult students, 111; degree intent, 93; democratization effects, 110, 111, 112–13, 121; diversion effects, 109, 112–13; economic outcomes for graduates, 109–16; enrollment by race and Index 205 ethnicity, 44–45; enrollment by socioeconomic status, 19; enrollment growth, 56, 101, 102–5; and four year degree completion, 45, 115; governance of, 56; high school preparation for, 56; and local labor markets, 120–21; low-ability students , 115; obstacles for...