Won't You be My Neighbor: Race, Class, and Residence in Los Angeles

Appendix

Appendix Table A.1 Racial Attitudes and Neighborhood Racial Composition Preferences, by Respondent Race and Nativity Status: Correlations NativeForeign Native Foreign Born Born Born Born Target-Group Race Whites Blacks Latinos Latinos Asians Asians White Neighbors Social class disadvantage — 0.140*** 0.123 −0.006 0.058 0.053 In-group attachment — −0.145*** −0.166* −0.059 −0.031 0.096** Racial stereotyping — −0.079* −0.172* −0.048 0.094 0.035 Social distance — −0.276*** −0.36*** −0.179*** −0.112 −0.192*** White discrimination — −0.216*** −0.173* −0.091 0.148 0.019 Black neighbors Social class disadvantage −0.051 — −0.130 0.017 0.174 −0.305*** In-group attachment 0.004 — 0.017 −0.040 −0.001 0.016 Racial stereotyping −0.360*** — −0.055 −0.056 −0.134 −0.128*** Social distance −0.270*** — −0.216** −0.147*** −0.264** −0.054 Racial-group threat (blacks) a −0.213*** — −0.116 0.035 −0.102 −0.295*** Latino neighbors Social class disadvantage −0.035 0.014 — — 0.051 −0.223*** In-group attachment −0.062 0.021 — — 0.025 −0.092** Racial stereotyping −0.248*** −0.057 — — −0.118 −0.197*** Social distance −0.186 −0.043 — — −0.192* −0.024 Racial-group threat (Latinos) a −0.280*** −0.022 — — −0.428*** −0.002 Asian neighbors Social class disadvantage −0.103** 0.109*** −0.051 −0.001 — — (Table continues on p. 191.) Source: Author’s compilation. a. Owing to a split ballot, roughly one-third of whites considered blacks (N = 234), Latinos (N = 241), and Asians (N =228); about half of each nonwhite group considered group competition with each remaining group (512 blacks got the Latino ballot, and 523 got Asians; 96 native-born and 345 foreignborn Latinos got the black ballot, 78 native-born and 389 foreign-born Latinos got Asians; 58 native-born and 447 foreign-born Asians considered blacks, 65 native-born and 443 foreign-born Asians considered Latinos). b. For same-race neighbors, racial attitudes combine responses for all out-groups (for example, for white respondents, attitudes toward blacks, Latinos, and Asians are combined for perceived SES and stereotype difference measures, social distance, and competitive threat; for nonwhites, these and the second instance of housing discrimination are pooled). *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05 In-group attachment −0.053 −0.066* −0.120 −0.015 — — Racial stereotyping −0.261*** −0.078* 0.025 −0.029 — — Social distance −0.202*** −0.263*** −0.154* −0.124*** — — Racial-group threat (Asians) a −0.303*** −0.192*** −0.283* −0.084 — — Same-race neighbors b Social class disadvantage 0.080* −0.045 −0.014 −0.050 −0.166 0.120*** In-group attachment 0.049 0.124*** 0.192* 0.073* 0.009 −0.034 Racial stereotyping 0.343*** 0.090** 0.113 −0.022 0.022 −0.032 Social distance 0.245*** 0.236*** 0.410*** 0.188*** 0.198* 0.018 Racial-group threat 0.317*** 0.146*** 0.161* 0.074* 0.179* 0.126*** White discrimination — −0.093** 0.070 0.113** −0.010 −0.043 Table A.2 Factors Influencing Whites’ Preferences: OLS Regression Coefficients Source: Author’s compilation. Notes: N = 705. *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05 Blacks Latinos Asians Race Constant 25.12*** 18.53*** 18.67*** 28.63*** Social background Sex (1 = male) −1.33 −0.93 −1.38 3.81 Age (ref = 20 to 29) 30 to 39 1.11 0.30 1.06 −2.81 40 to 49 −1.48 1.40 1.51 −1.91 50 to 59 −1.13 −0.11 −1.12 2.41 60 to 69 −3.10 −1.05 −0.71 5.11 70 and over −5.24*** −3.63* −0.55 9.68** Education (ref = less than high school) High school graduate −2.34 −0.06 2.74 0.33 Some college −4.54* −0.33 1.91 3.54 BA or BS degree −4.48* −1.92 2.69 4.09 Graduate or professional degree −2.19 1.57 4.51* −3.32 Income (ref = less than $20,000) $20,000 to $39,999 0.46 2.49* 1.55 −3.48 $40,000 to $59,999 −1.66 0.26 −1.18 3.58 $60,000 to $89,999 0.24 −0.18 0.30 0.43 $90,000 and over 1.41 1.63 2.23 −3.89 Homeowner (1 = yes) −1.38 1.61 −0.05 0.13 Married with children (1 = yes) 0.35 0.61 −1.00 0.07 Political ideology −0.22 −0.20 −0.29 0.76 Potential intergroup contact Past public housing resident −0.65 0.66 −0.45 0.22 Current public housing resident 1.46 1.89 −0.07 −3.97 Percentage target group in neighborhood 0.14*** 0.10*** 0.08* 0.04 Racial attitudes Social class disadvantage 0.44 −0.14 −0.42 0.35 In-group attachment (ref = none or low) Medium 0.17 0.68 −0.89 0.66 High 0.30 −1.19 −0.89 1.66 Racial stereotyping −1.92*** −1.36*** −2.23** 5.00*** Social distance −0.75** −0.69* −1.15** 1.95** Racial-group threat −0.56* −0.62*** −0.61** 1.83*** Other controls Missing income −2.33* −0.35 2.90 0.15 Missing social class disadvantage 1.60 −2.46 −2.27 8.51 Missing racial stereotyping −3.00 1.76 −1.59 −1.03 Missing social distance −0.50 −3.65 −3.09 8.06 Non-race-matched 0.59 1.27 3.36*** −6.34*** Female ballot 0.76 −0.31 −0.97 0.87 Male ballot −0.16 0.58 −1.20 0.75 R-squared 0.28*** 0.16*** 0.16*** 0.23*** Table A.3 Factors Influencing Blacks’ Preferences: OLS Regression Coefficients Source: Author’s compilation. Notes: N = 1,038. *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05; † p < .10 Whites Latinos Asians Race Constant 20.37*** 19.00*** 13.97*** 43.91*** Social background Sex (1 = male) −0.19 0.28 −0.34 0.30 Age (ref = 20 to 29) 30 to 39 0.81 0.32 0.87 −2.40 40 to 49 1.99 −0.25 1.94 −4.14* 50 to 59 2.86 0.17 1.88 −5.29* 60 to 69 2.58 −0.74 2.01 −4.10 70 and over 2.65 1.04 2.20 −7.06* Education (ref = less than high school) High school graduate −1.67 1.36 0.81 −0.65 Some college −1.13 0.58 1.79 −1.31 BA or BS degree −1.68 1.24 2.43* −2.07 Graduate or professional degree −3.04 0.56 6.97** −4.66 Income (ref = less than $20,000) $20,000 to $39,999 2.82** −1.76* −0.20 −1.03 $40,000 to $59,999 1.83 −2.72* 0.99 −0.69 $60,000 to $89,999 3.55* −0.91 0.44 −3.43 $90,000 and over 3.08 −1.20 0.44 −3.09 Homeowner (1 = yes) −0.04 −0.05 −0.24 0.54 Married with children (1 = yes) 0.39 1.60 1.45 −3.46* Political conservatism 0.25 −0.01 0.32 −0.57 Potential intergroup contact Past public housing resident 1.11 −0.56 0.07 −0.37 Current public housing resident 3.71** 0.85 0.04 −4.69** Percentage target group in neighborhood 0.09*** 0.05 0.06 0.05 Racial attitudes Social class disadvantage 0.33† −0.09 0.51** −1.11** In-group attachment (ref = none or low) Medium 1.82** 0.14 −0.00 −1.97* High −1.20 −0.60 −0.50 2.47† Racial stereotyping −0.72* −1.06* −0.53* 2.68*** Social distance −0.73*** −0.32 −0.54*** 1.11** White discrimination −0.50* — — 0.26 Racial-group threat — −0.16 −0.28† 0.45† Other controls Missing income 1.96 0.39 0.10 −1.94 Missing social class disadvantage −2.08 1.80 −0.95 −2.11 Missing stereotyping 1.41 3.26 −0.58 −1.02 Missing social distance −5.82 −1.75 0.99 2.66 Missing white discrimination −4.11 — — 3.44 Non-race-matched 1.38 1.57 0.96 −4.64 Female ballot −1.34 −0.86 1.40 0.90 Male ballot −0.54 0.12 0.21 0.36 R-squared 0.12*** 0.05*** 0.09*** 0.13*** 194 Appendix Table A.4 Factors Influencing Latinos’ Preferences: OLS Regression Coefficients SameWhites Blacks Asians Race Constant 13.27*** 13.15*** 10.43*** 41.62*** Social background Sex (1 = male) −1.26 1.65 0.13 −0.43 Age (ref = 20 to 29) 30 to 39 −0.76 0.22 1.42 −1.27 40 to 49 −2.05 1.69 −0.08 −0.59 50 to 59 4.05 2.39 3.43** −11.03*** 60 to 69 4.61 −2.17 −1.21 −2.01 70 and over 2.38 −0.81 −6.15* 3.88 Education (ref = less than high school) High school graduate 0.25 0.14 0.99 −0.92 Some college 4.07 −0.59 1.89 −5.59 BA or BS degree 1.59 1.01 1.66 −4.48 Graduate or professional degree 9.08 −5.39 1.29 −7.52 Income (ref = less than $20,000) $20,000 to $39,999 1.82 0.61 −0.15 −3.08 $40,000 to $59,999 3.61 0.03 −0.11 −5.03* $60,000 to $89,999 −2.93 3.30 1.34 −3.97 $90,000 and over 4.65 −5.91 −3.44 3.02 Political conservatism 1.11* −0.05 0.40 −1.52** Homeowner (1 = yes) 0.13 −1.83* −0.12 2.71 Married with children (1 = yes) 0.78 −0.71 0.46 −0.54 Potential intergroup contact Past public housing resident −0.09 −0.86 −1.05 2.02 Current public housing resident 6.43 −2.89 2.18 −5.68 Percentage target group in neighborhood 0.21*** 0.12*** 0.21*** 0.10** Immigration-related characteristics Central American 3.53* 0.89 −0.34 −3.74* Time in the U.S. (ref = U.S.-born) Five years or less 6.27* −0.78 −3.68* 13.97*** Six to ten years 5.33* −2.65 −0.02 2.46 Over ten years 4.59** −2.92* 0.44 6.65 English-language ability 0.89† 0.94** 0.10 −0.26 Racial attitudes Social class disadvantage 0.18 −0.65* −0.21 −0.18 In-group attachment (ref = none or low) Medium 0.00 0.19 2.35* −2.79† High −0.63 0.36 −0.96 2.63† Appendix 195 Table A.4 (Continued) Source: Author’s compilation. Notes: N = 908. *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05; † p < .10 SameWhites Blacks Asians Race Racial stereotyping −1.40** −0.50 −0.81* 0.65 Social distance −0.72*** −0.90*** −0.44** 1.17*** White discrimination −0.66* — — −0.74* Racial-group threat — 0.06 −0.32 0.31 Interactions Five years or less in the U.S. × English ability 2.82* — — −5.61*** Over ten years in the U.S. × English ability — — — −2.80** Five years or less in the U.S. × racial stereotyping 3.21*** — — — Five years or less in the U.S. × social class disadvantage — 1.55* — — Five years or less in the U.S. × high in-group attachment — −5.60** — — Five years or less in the U.S. × social distance — 0.98* — — Other controls Missing income −3.57* −0.73 −1.27 6.63* Missing social class disadvantage −6.59 −0.04 −2.26 5.80 Missing stereotyping 1.29 −3.82** −1.46 1.17 Missing social distance 2.83 0.05 −1.01 −4.09 Missing white discrimination −7.98* — — 15.11** Non-race-matched −1.16 0.49 1.67 −3.78 Female ballot −1.29 −1.45 2.07* 0.94 Male ballot −2.48* −0.54 0.49 2.60 R-squared 0.19*** 0.15*** 0.14*** 0.23*** Table A.5 Factors Influencing Asians’ Preferences: OLS Regression Coefficients SameWhites Blacks Latinos Race Constant 27.51*** 18.41*** 17.58*** 34.26*** Social background Sex (1 = male) −1.19 1.08† 1.04 −0.37 Age (ref = 20 to 29) 30 to 39 2.37 −0.89 −0.54 −0.43 40 to 49 3.04 −1.38 −0.77 −0.40 50 to 59 −1.06 −2.13 −0.89 4.20 60 to 69 −2.63 −3.83** −2.68 9.60*** 70 and over −3.76 −5.14*** −5.15** 14.20*** Education (ref = less than high school) High school graduate 1.01 0.44 0.85 −3.00 Some college 2.29 0.58 0.61 −4.37 BA or BS degree 2.19 1.79† 1.34 −6.56** Graduate or professional degree 3.89 1.41 −0.90 −6.84* Income (ref = less than $20,000) $20,000 to $39,999 0.24 −1.10 −0.79 1.20 $40,000 to $59,999 0.73 −0.25 0.01 −2.04 $60,000 to $89,999 2.21 −1.04 0.50 −3.99 $90,000 and over 4.26 0.54 1.30 −7.76* Political conservatism 0.33 −0.45* −0.04 0.22 Homeowner (1 = yes) 1.36 −0.51 −0.01 −0.79 Married with children (1 = yes) −1.41 −0.73 −0.41 2.92* Potential intergroup contact Past public housing resident −3.29 6.13** 6.46** −9.62* Current public housing resident 1.71 −0.62 0.44 0.43 Percentage target group in neighborhood 0.13*** 0.01 0.03 0.13** Immigration-related characteristics Chinese −2.92 −1.42 −2.31* 2.70 Korean 16.67* −9.44*** −11.86** 6.97* Time in the U.S. (ref = U.S.-born) Five years or less 0.79 −3.42* −2.58† 7.91† Six to ten years 8.35** −3.34† −6.08*** 5.42 Over ten years 6.62** −4.05*** −3.62** −4.25 English-language ability 0.82 0.38 0.73 −1.94* Racial attitudes Social class disadvantage 0.47 −0.82*** −0.44† 1.21* In-group attachment (ref = none or low) Medium 1.40 −1.02 0.05 −0.13 High −2.78† 1.09 −0.81 3.40* Appendix 197 Table A.5 (Continued) Source: Author’s compilation. Notes: N = 1,014. *** p < .001; ** p < .01; * p < .05; † p < .10 SameWhites Blacks Latinos Race Racial stereotyping −0.15 −0.79* −0.89* 0.53 Social distance −0.70† −0.41** −0.96** 0.36 White discrimination −0.83† — — 0.70 Racial-group threat — −0.25 −0.08 0.05 Interactions Korean × five years or less in the U.S. −15.56* 10.41** 11.31* −8.98* Korean × six to ten years in the U.S. −20.66** 12.87*** 15.64*** −11.10** Korean × more than ten years in the U.S. −19.72** 9.92*** 12.02** — Chinese × more than ten years in the U.S. — — — 8.03* Five years or less in the U.S. × English ability 3.61* — — −4.16** Six to ten years in the U.S. × high in-group attachment — −4.25** — — Six to ten years in the U.S. × social distance — — 1.00* — Over ten years in the U.S. × social distance — — 0.91* — Other controls Missing income −0.99 −0.44 −0.99 2.97 Missing social class disadvantage 0.86 −0.35 −0.24 −2.72 Missing stereotyping 0.93 0.44 −0.28 −0.95 Missing social distance −0.99 −0.98 −1.43 3.80 Missing white discrimination −7.89* — — 9.10* Non-race-matched −9.42** 3.65 3.82 2.17 Female ballot −4.55** −0.04 0.71 3.86** Male ballot −5.90*** 0.59 0.30 5.13*** R-squared 0.22*** 0.20*** 0.15*** 0.31*** ...