Passing the Torch: Does Higher Education for the Disadvantaged Pay Off Across the Generations?

Appendix B: Additional Tables

Appendix B Additional Tables 214 Table B.1 Determinants of Entry to a Four-Year College, (Logistic Coefficients) CUNY Women National Women Determining Factor Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2 Constant .539*** −11.264*** .238*** −1.422*** Ethnicitya Black −1.112*** .704*** −.191** .320*** Hispanic −.920*** .184 −.481*** .073 Parents’ highest grade completed .173** .225*** Low-income family of originb .043 .009 Grades in high school academic courses .104*** .528*** Units of academic courses in high schoolc .291*** .564*** Rank in high school .015** Age at entry to college −.107** −.039** Had a child before entering college −.597 −.402** Pseudo R-square .040 .313 .005 .104 Sources: CUNY Women File and NLSY79–Adults. a Reference category is white women; women whose ethnicity is “other” are not included in either sample. bDefined as less than $10,000 in 1970 dollars. cMeasured in the NLSY as a dummy variable: followed a college preparatory curriculum in high school. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 Table B.2 Determinants of B.A. Attainment (Logistic Coefficients) CUNY Women National Women Determinant Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Constant .477*** −7.491*** −3.093* −.443*** −4.98*** −.787 Ethnicitya Black −.860*** .270 .423* −.864*** −.038 −.239 Hispanic −.931*** −.126 .014 −.928*** −.105 −.282 Parent’s highest grade completed .113 .029 .357*** .159*** Low-income family of originb −.192 −.067 −.378* −.318* Average in high school academic courses .060*** .013 1.028*** .726*** Academic courses in high schoolc .197*** .089** .918*** .499*** Rank in high school .003 −.002 Degree aspirationsd Associate’s degree −1.232*** −1.299*** Bachelor’s degree −.510** −.427*** (Table continues on p. 216.) Started at a community college −.973*** −.987*** Liberal curriculum in college .446** Took remedial courses in collegee −.195 GPA in first year of college .752*** Worked full-time as an undergraduate −1.564*** Age at entry to college .000 −.051* Had child within five years of entering college −.255 −1.362*** Pseudo R-square .029 .148 .263 .031 .232 .363 Sources: CUNY Women File and NLSY79–Adults. aReference category is white women; women whose ethnicity is “other” are not included in the CUNY sample. bDefined as less than $10,000 in 1970 dollars. cMeasured for NLSY women as a dummy for followed a college preparatory curriculum in high school. dReference category consists of those who aspire to a postgraduate degree. eA variable for number of remedial courses taken in college was not significant either; the issue of “degree” of remediation is explored further in chapter 7. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 Table B.2 Continued CUNY Women National Women Determinant Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Table B.3 Percentage of Women Completing Highest Degree Within Different Time Spans CUNY Women National Women White Black Hispanic All White Black Hispanic All Associate’s degree Within two years 42.4 18.8 24.4 34.2 40.1 28.3 39.1 38.3 Three to four years 33.6 31.9 40.0 34.2 23.8 22.6 26.1 23.8 Five to six years 5.5 13.0 6.7 7.4 7.8 9.4 8.7 8.1 Seven or more years 18.6 36.2 38.9 24.2 28.3 39.6 26.0 29.9 Unweighted N of cases 127 120 121 368 176 127 76 379 Bachelor’s degree Within four years 47.2 15.1 22.4 40.2 60.0 38.7 32.0 57.0 Five to six years 27.1 29.1 24.5 27.2 16.9 25.8 20.0 17.8 Seven to fourteen years 12.8 33.7 22.4 16.7 16.2 22.5 32.0 17.4 Fifteen or more years 13.0 22.1 30.6 15.9 6.9 12.9 16.0 7.8 Unweighted N of cases 203 173 163 539 400 139 71 610 Postgraduate degree Within six years 32.1 7.3 14.3 28.2 16.7 0.0 9.1 15.4 Seven to ten years 26.6 20.0 25.7 25.8 37.4 33.3 54.5 37.9 Eleven to fourteen years 11.4 18.2 20.0 12.7 22.1 20.0 18.2 21.8 Fifteen or more years 30.0 54.5 40.0 33.3 23.8 46.7 18.2 24.9 Unweighted N of cases 167 118 121 406 149 33 33 215 Sources: CUNY Women File and NLSY79–Adult File. Table B.4 Determinants of Time to B.A. (OLS Coefficients) CUNY Women National Women Determinant Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Constant 6.320*** 19.945*** 11.862** 5.488 9.6907*** 11.441*** Ethnicitya Black 2.706*** .752 −.537 1.095*** .680 .645 Hispanic 2.920*** 1.418 .569 2.154*** 1.839*** 1.667*** Parent’s highest grade completed −.249 −.123 −.125 −.010 Low-income family of originb .312 .329 −.589 −.609 Average in high school academic courses −.095 −.007 −1.023*** −.695*** Academic courses in high schoolc −.280** −.134 −.604* −.302 Rank in high school −.014 −.002 Degree aspirationsd Associate’s degree .323 .899 Bachelor’s degree −.164 .416 Started at a community college 2.685*** 2.953*** Liberal curriculum in college −.238 Took remedial courses in college .475 GPA in first year of college −1.23** Worked full-time as an undergraduate 3.402*** Age at entry to college .013 −.239*** Had child within five years of entering college 3.0629*** .951** Adjusted R-square .035 .086 .155 .032 .071 .192 Sources: CUNY Women File and NLSY79–Adults. aReference category is white women; women whose ethnicity is “other” are not included in the CUNY sample. bDefined as less than $10,000 in 1970 dollars. cMeasured for NLSY women as a dummy variable: followed a college preparatory curriculum in high school. dReference category is aspires to a postgraduate degree. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 Table B.5 Labor-Market and Family-Context Variables, CUNY and NLSY CUNY Nationala Variable White Black Hispanic All White Black Hispanic All Cumulative college GPA 2.64 1.94 2.12 2.46 b Employment status Not working 14.2 12.5 12.3 13.7 15.0 10.6 11.7 14.1 Working part-time 22.5 6.8 7.8 18.0 29.2 15.0 22.1 26.6 Working full-time 63.3 80.7 79.9 68.3 55.9 74.4 66.2 59.3 Worked all or nearly all of the past 15 yearsc 61.0 84.6 80.0 67.4 64.2 62.2 61.4 63.7 Employment sector For-profit or private 47.2 33.8 43.6 44.3 59.4 57.5 56.3 58.9 Nonprofit 23.1 27.9 23.9 24.0 12.6 9.8 9.5 12.0 Government or public 19.9 34.1 27.1 23.3 17.4 28.6 27.2 19.7 Self-employed 9.9 4.2 5.5 8.4 10.6 4.1 6.9 9.5 Marital status Married or partnered 74.6 43.3 59.1 67.2 73.5 39.1 63.3 67.9 Divorced or separated 11.8 30.6 26.8 16.9 16.9 30.5 20.9 19.1 Widowed 1.8 5.4 3.2 2.6 .5 2.2 1.3 .8 Never married 11.8 20.7 10.9 13.3 9.1 28.3 14.6 12.3 Ever had a marital disruption b 37.2 55.7 48.5 40.1 Number of children 1.65 1.66 1.64 1.65 1.71 1.81 1.89 1.74 Age of mother when she had first child 28.9 25.4 26.8 28.0 26.1 22.3 23.9 25.4 (Table continues on p. 220.) CUNY National Variable White Black Hispanic All White Black Hispanic All Timing of first child Before entering college .8 16.0 6.4 4.2 12.3 25.1 22.0 14.8 Within five years of entering college 7.0 23.4 20.6 11.5 16.8 28.9 24.8 19.1 Five to ten years after entering college 27.8 21.7 28.0 26.7 23.9 13.3 18.4 22.0 More than ten years after entering college 40.1 16.8 24.8 34.2 23.2 11.0 14.9 20.9 No children 24.3 22.2 20.2 23.4 23.7 21.7 19.9 23.2 Ever was a single motherd 23.2 62.0 50.0 33.5 37.6 64.9 54.3 42.8 Spouse is currently employed 95.1 79.6 87.7 92.6 97.7 94.4 98.8 97.5 Spouse’s mean personal earningse $65,530 $41,396 $42,397 $60,561 $60,883 $42,293 $52,581 $58,904 Spouse’s occupational prestige 52.9 45.4 47.6 51.7 48.8 37.9 45.4 47.6 Spouse’s educational attainmentf High school diploma or less 34.0 41.2 41.1 35.1 Some college 10.8 18.2 14.0 11.6 Associate’s degree b 11.7 18.2 15.0 12.5 Bachelor’s degree 23.8 15.8 15.9 22.6 Postgraduate degree 19.7 6.7 14.0 18.2 Lives in New York metropolitan area 69.5 66.4 57.5 67.6 b Sources: CUNY Women File and NLSY79–Adults. aNational data include only white, black, and Hispanic women who entered college from the 1996, 1998, and 2000 waves of the NLSY79–Adults file. bData not available. cFor the CUNY women, this item measures women who worked “all or nearly all of the time” over the past fifteen years, and for NLSY women, it measures women who worked more than 75 percent of the time over the past ten years. dCalculated only for mothers. eEstimated for CUNY women by subtracting personal earnings from household income for married women. Data are not estimated for national women. fSpouse’s educational attainment is taken from spouse’s highest grade completed; we have no independent verification that these represent actual degrees attained. Table B.5 Continued Table B.6 Home Ownership (Unstandardized Logistic Coefficients) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 CUNY Women Constant .55691*** 1.5759*** −2.6221* −4.8026*** −2.3571 Some collegea .04381 −.21458 −.21683 −.57455 Associate’s degree .35394 .18247 .29726 −.26025 Bachelor’s degree .85023*** .35864 .37172 −.03501 Advanced degree 1.2134*** .56344* .52743 .20607 Blackb −1.3703*** −.81412*** −.40837* −1.516*** Hispanic −1.0827*** −.65432*** −.53556** −1.1165** Age .00701 .01573 .00746 Low-income family of originc −.34997* −.27605 −.35197* Parents’ highest grade completed .06669 .05005 .07039 Grades in high school academic courses .04566*** .03992** .04667*** Units of high school academic courses −.00825 .00756 −.01073 Married or partnered 1.0294*** Any children 1.1352*** Ever a single mother −.83296*** Spouse’s prestige .0188 Black—some college .80205 Black—associate’s degree .88655 Black—bachelor’s degree .88199 Black—advanced degree .73744 Hispanic—some college .40796 Hispanic—associate’s degree .71116 Hispanic—bachelor’s degree .52935 Hispanic—advanced degree .50706 Pseudo R-square .0354 .0609 .1008 .2347 .1034 (Table continues on p. 222.) National Women Constant .29601*** 1.2763*** −.59461 −1.6855* −.46958 Some college .02489 −.00941 .01932 −.1149 Associate’s degree .50249*** .32747* .20795 −.08051 Bachelor’s degree .96392*** .39008** .26514 .36978* Advanced degree 1.286*** .5518*** .43376 .15546 Black −1.48*** −.99318*** −.62302*** −1.0637*** Hispanic −.96264*** −.68886*** −.65313*** −.99513*** Age .03167 .02877 .03091 Low-income family of origin −.18833* −.1425 −.19787* Parents’ highest grade completed −.05365*** −.0578*** −.05358*** Grades in high school academic courses .26793*** .1869** .26538*** AFQT .01144*** .01245*** .01173*** Married or partnered 1.3649*** Any children .64166*** Ever a single mother −.44842*** Spouse’s prestige .00573* Black—some college .05489 Black—associate’s degree .54301* Black—bachelor’s degree −.21559 Black—advanced degree .96796* Hispanic—some college .37602 Hispanic—associate’s degree .83694* Hispanic—bachelor’s degree .47222 Hispanic—advanced degree .73339 Pseudo R-square .0287 .0743 .1152 .2157 .1183 Source: CUNY women file and NLSY79–Adults. aReference category is an early dropout in the CUNY sample, defined as having less than sixteen college credits, and a high school graduate in the NLSY. bWhite is the reference category. Women of “other” ethnic groups are not included in the CUNY or NLSY samples. cDefined as less than $10,000 in 1970 dollars. *p<.05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 Table B.6 Continued Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Table B.7 Logged Value of Home, National Women (Unstandardized OLS Coefficients) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Constant 11.263*** 11.715*** 11.107*** 10.713*** 11.19*** Some collegea .18789*** .13189** .12742** .08094 Associate’s degree .28417*** .19042** .15625** .07519 Bachelor’s degree .69183*** .41981*** .32717*** .33983*** Advanced degree .74296*** .42416*** .33641*** .37802*** Blackb −.6014*** −.31806*** −.21953*** −.47618*** Hispanic −.1493*** .12958* .12534* .05672 Age −.00361 −.00348 −.0047 Low-income family of originc −.18985*** −.16973*** −.18973*** Parents’ highest grade completed .02699*** .02252*** .0275*** Grades in high school academic courses −.00227 −.01582 −.00421 AFQT80 .00441*** .00414*** .00453*** Married or partnered .3056*** Any children .05153 Ever a single mother −.07347 Spouse’s prestige .00583*** Black—some college .20243 Black—associate’s degree .32271* Black—bachelor’s degree .26114* Black—advanced degree −.03924 Hispanic—some college .03117 Hispanic—associate’s degree .18749 Hispanic—bachelor’s degree .16497 Hispanic—advanced degree .23988 Adjusted R-square .0824 .0664 .1704 .2177 .1715 Source: NLSY79–Adults aReference category is a high school graduate. bWhite is the reference category. Women of “other” ethnic groups are not included. cDefined as less than $10,000 in 1970 dollars. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 Table B.8 Logged Value of Other Financial Assetsa of National Women (Unstandardized OLS Coefficients) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Constant 8.4943*** 9.7935*** 7.3346*** 6.8777*** 7.3748*** Some collegeb .37174*** .25308* .2261* .25453 Associate’s degree .77534*** .47454*** .32572* .31706 Bachelor’s degree 1.9839*** 1.1121*** .77728*** 1.0622*** Advanced degree 2.1202*** 1.0512*** .65852*** 1.0868*** Blackc −1.4829*** −.64819*** −.33868** −.53913** Hispanic −.92102*** −.11473 −.09642 −.36661 Age .00535 .00957 .00509 Low-income family of origind −.34016*** −.27083** −.34665*** Parents’ highest grade completed .04047* .02754 .04025* Grades in high school academic courses .16527* .09832 .16397* AFQT80 .01604*** .01432*** .0161*** Married or partnered .86162*** Any children −.43556*** Ever a single mother −.32118*** Spouse’s prestige .01493*** Black—some college −.16898 Black—associate’s degree −.12465 Black—bachelor’s degree −.07836 Black—advanced degree −.10294 Hispanic—some college .22839 Hispanic—associate’s degree .8684** Hispanic—bachelor’s degree .41379 Hispanic—advanced degree −.14 Adjusted R-square .1067 .0732 .2025 .2671 .2030 Source: NLSY79–Adults. a Assets consist of the total dollar value of savings, CDs, stocks, other investments, retirement plans, and estates, and are top-coded at $350,000. b Reference category is a high school graduate. c White is the reference category. Women of “other” ethnic groups are not included. d Defined as less than $10,000 in 1970 dollars. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 ...