In the Footsteps of Lewis and Clark: Early Commemorations and the Origins of the National Historic Trail

Notes

169 Introduction 1. Helen B. West, “Lewis and Clark Expedition: Our National Epic,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 16, no. 3 (July 1966): 3–5. 2. Pierre Nora, “General Introduction,” in Realms of Memory: Rethinking the French Past, vol. 1, ed. Pierre Nora, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 18. 3. Pierre Nora, “The Era of Commemoration,” in ibid., vol. 3 (1998), 636. 4. John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1992), 13. 5. Ibid., 15. 6. Wilbur Zelinsky, Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 80. Notes 170 N ote s 7. John Mullan, handwritten draft of speech at Fort Owen, Montana, December 24, 1861, 31 and 38, SC 547, Montana Historical Society archives, Helena (hereafter referred to as MSHS). 8. Paul Allen, ed., History of the Expedition under the Command of Captains Lewis and Clark to the Sources of the Missouri, Thence across the Rocky Mountains and down the River Columbia to the Pacific Ocean. Performed during the Years 1804– 5–6 (Philadelphia: Bradford and Inskeep, 1814) (This is usually referred to as the Biddle edition; Nicholas Biddle began the editing, but Allen completed it); Elliott Coues, ed., History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark, a new edition in four volumes (New York: Francis P. Harper, 1893). 9. Paul Russell Cutright, A History of the Lewis and Clark Journals (Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, 1976), 77, 80–81, 88 (original emphasis). 10. Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804–1806, 8 vols. (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1904–1905). 11. Cutright, History of the Lewis and Clark Journals, 227 (original emphasis ); Olin D. Wheeler, The Trail of Lewis and Clark 1804–1904, 2 vols. (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1926). 12. Donald Jackson, “The Public Image of Lewis and Clark,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly 57, no. 1 (Jan. 1966): 1–2. 13. Milo M. Quaife, ed., The Journals of Captain Meriwether Lewis and Sergeant John Ordway (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1916); Ernest Staples Osgood, ed., Field Notes of Captain William Clark, 1803–1805 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964); Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition with Related Documents, 1783–1854 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1962); Bernard DeVoto, ed., The Journals of Lewis and Clark (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1953). 14. John L. Allen, “‘Of This Enterprize’: The American Images of the Lewis and Clark Expedition,” in Voyages of Discovery: Essays on the Lewis and Clark Expedition, ed. James P. Ronda (Helena: Montana Historical Press, 1998), 268–269 (second quote), 270 (first quote). 15. Ibid., 261–263, 276. 16. Zelinsky, Nation into State, 29. 17. Michael Frisch, “American History and the Structures of Collective Memory: A Modest Exercise in Empirical Iconography,” Journal of American History 75, no. 4 (March 1989): 1132, 1140. 18. Jackson, “Public Image of Lewis and Clark,” 4. 19. Allen, “Of This Enterprize,” 276. 20. E. W. Carpenter, “A Glimpse of Montana,” Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine 2, no. 4 (April 1867): 379–380. 21. C. M. Scammon, “In and Around Astoria,” Overland Monthly and Out West Magazine 3, no. 6 (December 1869): 495–499. 171 N ote s 22. Josiah Copley, “The Rocky Mountains,” Debow’s Review 4, no. 6 (June 1843): 521; William Bradford, “Discovery, Characteristics, and Resources ,” Debow’s Review 20, no. 5 (May 1856): 549; J.D.B. Debow, “Climate of the United States,” Debow’s Review 23, no. 5 (November 1857): 507. Chapter 1: Monuments 1. Carl Abbott, The Great Extravaganza: Portland and the Lewis and Clark Exposition (Portland: Oregon Historical Society, 1981), photo facing p. 1, 12–14. 2. Ibid., 3. 3. Burton Benedict et al., The Anthropology of World’s Fairs: San Francisco ’s Panama Pacific International Exposition of 1915 (Berkeley: Scolar Press and the Lowie Museum of Anthropology, 1983), 6–7. 4. Robert W. Rydell, All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 18–19. 5. Warren L. Susman, Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century (New York: Pantheon Books), 1984. For an example of the phrase “our national epic,” see Helen B. West, “Lewis and Clark Expedition: Our National Epic,” Montana: The...