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48 by numerous dated sites in the Northeast, provides locally relevant relative dates for projectile point forms once only comparable to point types identified in western North America and the Great Lakes region (e.g., Deller and Ellis 1992; Ellis and Deller 1997). When the first Paleoindian sites in Vermont were discovered they were, by necessity, interpreted through the lens of historic precedents in the western United States (Ritchie 1953, 1957, 1969). Although comparisons across North American assemblages still pertain to some degree, regional data, particularly including the refined typology proposed by Bradley and others (2008), are sufficient to allow a meaningful treatment of Paleoindian settlement within a geographically restricted area. This chapter represents the first real update of the inventory of Paleoindian sites in Vermont since Loring’s (1980) seminal paper exploring the association between Paleoindian sites and the Champlain Sea. We have (thankfully) made significant progress in many areas since the publication of Loring’s paper thirty years ago. First, as discussed in detail in F. Robinson’s chapter 10, the inception and duration of the Champlain Sea have been revised significantly to include a substantial or perhaps even complete overlap with the dates of Paleoindian presence T his chapter provides a brief description of the majority of the recorded Paleoindian sites and welldocumented fluted point finds in Vermont. The intent is to provide an overview of the cultural affiliation, settlement type, content, and location of sites and finds for the purposes of understanding human colonization and early settlement in the region. The sources of this information include the Vermont Archaeological Inventory (VAI) maintained by the Vermont Division for Historic Preservation (VDHP), unpublished technical reports, our own research, in addition to published articles and books. Summaries of several sites are formally published here for the first time. One of the unfortunate features of the Vermont Paleoindian site inventory is an almost complete lack of radiometrically dated sites. With the exception of one dated site marking the beginning of the Early Archaic period, all the sites presented herein are attributed to the Early, Middle, or Late Paleoindian periods based on relative dates derived from comparative stone tool morphology. Projectile points are used exclusively to avoid more tentative attributions. Bradley et al.’s (2008) Paleoindian projectile point chronology for the Far Northeast region is used to assign sites to temporal subperiods. Their excellent work, anchored John G. Crock and Francis W. Robinson IV chapter iii Maritime Mountaineers Paleoindian Settlement Patterns on the West Coast of New England Maritime Mountaineers 49 hand (Lavin and Prothero 1987; Robinson and Crock 2008; Thomas and Robinson 1980). Other than anecdotal reports of some Woodland period scraping tools being made from this material, however, there is little evidence of Colchester jasper being used by Native American groups from any recognized precontact period. More recently, the Munsungun chert quarry has been geologically examined (Pollock 1987; Pollock et al. 1999) and archaeologically explored (Bonnichsen 1982) and is now recognized as perhaps the most heavily utilized chert source in northern New England during the Early Paleoindian period (Pollock et al. 1999; Spiess et al. 1998). A similar increase in knowledge has occurred for rhyolite quarried in New Hampshire. Though a quarry for the material at Mount Jasper in Berlin has been known for over a century (Gramly 1977, 1980, 1984; Gramly and Cox 1976; Pollock et al. 2008), only recently was the material determined to be the source of the spherulitic rhyolite common in Paleoindian assemblages (Boisvert 1992; Pollock et al. 2008; Spiess et al. 1998). More recently, Boisvert (1998) discovered similar rhyolite exposures in Jefferson , New Hampshire, which also appear to have been utilized by Paleoindian groups. Although Mount Jasper rhyolite and the Jefferson rhyolite are similar and are likely of a similar geological age, there are demonstrable petrographic differences and a significant geographic distance between them (Pollock et al. 2008). Material from one or both of these sources appears in both Early and Late Paleoindian contexts in Vermont. Beyond those sites reported herein, several other recorded sites likely date to Paleoindian periods based on fluted points in collections and reports of fluted point recoveries . For the purposes of this chapter, however, spot finds without clearly defined, verified provenience are not discussed, including several Vermont fluted points with less specific provenience reported by Loring (1980). In addition, there are numerous sites in the VAI listed as Paleoindian which, upon closer scrutiny, have not yielded artifacts...

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