Militarizing the Border: When Mexicans Became the Enemy

Index

187 Index Acebes, Diego, 63–64, 65 African Americans: abduction of Buck Spencer, 71; American identity of, 126; lynchings, 10, 68; and Plan de San Diego, 80 “Africanization” of northeast Texas, 4, 42 agriculture and demand for Mexican labor, 8, 90, 97–98, 101–103, 117–18 Aguas Calientes, Mexico, 57 Aguirre, Ben, 74 air patrols, border, 100 airplanes and smuggling, 104 Akers, Bert L., 54 Alcohol: consumption and violence/disorder, 48–49, 85; smuggling of, 6–7, 13, 90, 94, 95, 100, 103–108, 112, 116; US demand for, 90, 103, 116; See also Prohibition “alien citizens” and American national constructs, 2 alliances; fluidity of, 31; ranchers and Mexican revolutionaries, 7–8; with revolutionary factions, 25, 27, 36, 143n 41; Villa and Anglos, 29, 36, 114, 143n 41, 144n 65 Alonso, Ana María, 10, 11 Alonzo, Carmela, 62 Alpine race riot, 147–48n 3 American citizens/investments in Mexico, danger to, 41, 43–44, 48, 70–72 American Defense Society, 160n 61 American Federation of Labor (AFL), 99 Americanization of border, 17 American National Livestock Association, 56 American Smelting and Refining Company, 57 ammunition, smuggling of, 25, 104, 107 Anderson, Henry H., 32–34 Anderson, Maurice, 45, 46 Andreas, Peter, 125 Anglo cultural homogeneity, preservation of, 88–89, 118; See also nationalism, race-based; restrictionist sentiments anti-Americanism; and Mexican Revolution, 41, 43–44; of Villa, 42–43, 43–44, 45, 75, 77, 82, 115 Aoy, Olivas V., 40 Argudin, Raul, 59 Arizona; border security and racial identity in, 2; and Joint Task Force 6, 120; The Minuteman Project, 123, 157n 7; and National Guard deployment, 82; Senate Bill 1070, 123–24 arms, smuggling of, 25, 104, 107 arms embargo, 70 army, Mexican; and ineffectivity of forces, 70–71, 75, 76–77, 90; and retribution for jailhouse fire, 64; and smugglers, 107–108; and tensions in Ciudad Juárez, 53–54 Army, US, 113; and Brite Ranch raid, 29, 31; Operation Block It, 120; and Porvenir massacre, 32–33; See also Cavalry, US; Fort Bliss, Texas; National Guard; Pershing, John J. “Blackjack” Asian immigrants, 116; See also Chinese immigration Asiatic Barred Zone Act (1917), 97, 100, 101; See also Chinese immigration assimilation issues, 3–4, 101, 122 attack (Mexican), fear of, 53, 71, 81, 93, 94 “audience-directed” border enforcement, 125 authority structure in West Texas; development of, xix–xxi, xxii–xxiii, 110–113; and social economy, 8–12 Avila, Antonio, 30 Bagby, R. H., 59–60, 62–63 Bagley, R. H. See Bagby, R. H. Bailey, John J., 32 Baker, Newton, 69, 80–81 bandits; and carrancista soldiers, 56; definitions, 140n 44; raids on ranchers, 25, 26–27, 36–37, 41, 71–72, 115; and Sitters–Cano feud, 27–29; stereotyping of, 115; and vengeance, cycle of, 18–19 Banuelos, Clemente, 120–21 baths, disinfecting, 57–59, 59–66, 90–92 index 188 Battle of Celaya, 8, 43 Bell, George, Jr., 92 Benton-Cohen, Elizabeth, 2 Big Bend region, 28, 29–32, 32–34, 85 binational identity, 5, 11 biological/racial inferiority of Mexicans, imagined, 52, 93 “Black School,” 40 Blaine Act (1933), 108 Bledsoe, William H., 35 Blocker, William P., 93 Boca Grande Ranch, 71 Bonner, H. F., 27 bootleggers, 104; See also alcohol Borah, William E., 83 Border Patrol, US; and control of imported labor, 101–103; establishment of, 88, 89–90; and Great Depression, 100–101; historical perspective, 95–100; overview of roles and influence, 108–109, 116–117 borders, characterization of, 5–7, 9, 139n 19 border security; air patrols, 100; contemporary efforts, 120–26; early challenges, 83–84; National Guard, 80–83; See also Border Patrol, US; immigration policy; National Guard “border trouble days,” 3, 7–8, 20, 38, 69 boxing incident, 18, 23–24, 114 Bracero Program, 92–93, 108 “branding” of Mexicans, 88 Braun, Marcus, 90 Breen, Jack, 73 Brewer, Jan, 123–24 Brite, Lucas C., 29, 31–32 Brite Ranch raid, 29–32 Brownsville, Texas, 52, 56 Bryant, R. E., 24 Buenger, Walter L., 138n 15 buffalo soldiers, 22 Bush, George H. W., 120 Bush, George W., 123 Caldwell, Robert, 168n 108 California; Border Patrol sweeps in, 101; and Joint Task Force 6, 120; and Mexican labor, 97; and The Minuteman Project, 123; National Guard in, 82; typhus in, 154n 45 Calnan, George B., 57, 59–60, 61–62, 63, 65 cameras, border, 123 Campbell, Bob, 23 Camp Chigas, 100, 108 Camp Evetts, 32 Canadian border, 98 Canales, José T., 34–35 Candelaria Rim, 29 Cano...