Presidency Upstaged: The Public Leadership of George H. W. Bush

Notes

notes chapter 1. introduction 1. Northouse, Leadership, 3. 2. Duerst-Lahti and Kelly,“On Governance, Leadership, and Gender,” 13. 3. Neustadt, Presidential Power. 4. See Skowronek, Politics Presidents Make, and Richard Rose, Postmodern President. 5. For examples of changes in the political environment, see Kessel, Presidents, the Presidency, and Cronin and Genovese, Paradoxes of the American Presidency. For examples of the institutionalization of and leadership within the executive branch, see Burke, Institutional Presidency, Weko, Politicizing Presidency, and Warshaw, Keys to Power. For examples of policy making and the president’s relationship with Congress,see Jones, Separate but Equal Branches, Cohen,Presidential Responsiveness and Public Policy-making, and Lammers and Genovese, Presidency and Domestic Policy. For examples of the public presidency and changes in White House communication strategies,see Kernell,Going Public,Tulis,Rhetorical Presidency, Hart,Sound of Leadership, Stuckey, President as Interpreter-in-Chief, Maltese, Spin Control, and Han, Governing from Center Stage. 6. Rockman,“Leadership Style of George Bush,” 2. 7. See Han,“Public Leadership in the Political Arena.” 8. Greenstein, Presidential Difference, 5. 9. Edwards, Public Presidency, 2. 10. Kernell, Going Public, ix. 11. Han, Governing from Center Stage, 2. 12. Rossiter,“The Presidency—Focus of Leadership,” 14. 13.Edwards,On Deaf Ears,241–46.Edwards’s research suggeststhat rarely are presidents capable of changing public opinion on an issue, and their attempts to lead the public fall on “deaf ears.” They persist in pursuing public strategies due to the routines of politics, the need to preach to the converted, and influencing elites. 14. Eshbaugh-Soha, President’s Speeches, 157–64. 15. See Heith, Polling to Govern, and Jacobs and Shapiro, Politicians Don’t Pander. 16. Canes-Wrone, Who Leads Whom? 192. 17. Shogan, Moral Rhetoric of American Presidents, 175. 18. See Han,“President over the Public,” 119–37. 19. Cronin and Genovese, Paradoxes of the American Presidency, 152. 20. Brody, Assessing the President, 17. 21. Brace and Hinckley, Follow the Leader, 6–9, 22–24. 22. Skowronek, Politics Presidents Make, 415. 208 : nOtes tO PAges 9-19 23. Neustadt,“Looking Back,” 321–22. 24. Sunstein, Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech, 18–19. 25. See Tulis, Rhetorical Presidency, and Hart, Sound of Leadership. 26. Greenstein, Presidential Difference, 160. 27. Rockman,“Leadership Style of George Bush,” 32. 28. Tiefer, Semi-Sovereign Presidency, x–xi. 29. Duffy and Goodgame, Marching in Place, and Mervin, George Bush and the Guardianship Presidency. 30. Mervin, George Bush and the Guardianship Presidency, 6–9. 31. Genovese, Power of the American Presidency, 180. 32. Skowronek, Politics Presidents Make, 430. 33. Naftali, George H. W. Bush, 65. 34. Greene, Presidency of George Bush, 1–2. 35. Skowronek, Politics Presidents Make, 433–34. 36. Greene, Presidency of George Bush, 4. 37. Neustadt, Looking Back, 321. 38. Tom Rosenstiel and James Gerstenzang, “Low-Key Bush Abandons Slick Image Strategy,” Los Angeles Times, Apr. 30, 1989, A1. 39. Rozell, The Press and the Bush Presidency, 2. 40. Hill and Williams,“Conclusion,” in Bush Presidency, 214. 41. Ibid., 226. 42. Ibid., 219. chapter 2. internal Factors 1. Edwards,“George Bush and the Public Presidency,” 148–49. 2. Maltese,“Spin Control in the White House,” 112–13. 3. Skowronek, Politics Presidents Make, 415. 4. Nelson, Who Speaks for the President? 237. 5. Barilleaux,“George Bush and the Changing Context,” 17. 6. Emery and Emery, Press and America, 474. 7. Michael Oreskes,“President Bush; He’s a New Man Now, Thanks to the Press,”New York Times, Jan. 22, 1989, sec. 4, p. 1. 8. Emery and Emery, Press and America, 474–76. 9. Edwards,“George Bush and the Public Presidency,” 145. 10.For a discussion of Bush’s many images,seeWaterman,Wright,and St.Clair,ImageIs -Everything Presidency, 57–62. 11. Hill and Williams,“Introduction” in The Bush Presidency, 7. 12. Reston, Deadline, 447. 13. Barilleaux and Rozell, Power and Prudence, 50–51. 14. Rozell, The Press and the Bush Presidency, 148. 15. Memo from Marlin Fitzwater to George Bush, Dec. 20, 1988, John Sununu Files, Office of the Chief of Staff to the President, Formerly Withheld, NLGB Control Number 11317, George Bush Presidential Library (hereafter cited as GBPL). 16. Ibid. nOtes tO PAges 20-28 : 209 17. Bush only held two press conferences in the East Room. According to David Demarest,“When President Bush finally held an East Room press conference, there were no mistakes to correct. He was always well read, well versed, and usually...