Thinking Your Way to Freedom: A Guide to Owning Your Own Practical Reasoning

Index

index 277 abusive ad hominem/ad feminam attacks, 80, 209 addiction, 74 ad hominem/ad feminam attacks, 208, 273; abusive, 80, 209; circumstantial, 80, 81; examples of, 80–82; fallacies, 80–82; illegitimate , 80–82, 209, 210, 212; legitimate, 82, 209, 211; poisoning the well, 82, 271n36, 275; tu quoque, 80, 276 analogies, 273; “Analogizing Your Way toward Truth” and, 96–97; a priori, 95; “Bad Reasoning Can Misplace Values (and Associated Responses)” and, 94; empirical 95; examples of, 95; fallacies and, 93–97; faults and, 93–97, 208, 210, 212; response to illegitimate, 94, 97; truths and, 96–97 analytic truths, 29 antecedent clauses, 273; denying, 165; if . . . , then sentences and, 142–43, 163 appeal to authority, 273; accessing source and, 83; appeal to the crowd and, 83–84, 273; “An Appeal to Tradition Can Sometimes Be a Reason” and, 85; fallacies and, 83–85; illegitimate, 83–84, 209, 212; legitimate, 84; response to illegitimate, 83–84 appeal to the crowd, 83–84, 273 appeal to tradition, 84; “An Appeal to Tradition Can Sometimes Be a Reason” and, 85, 210, 273 appetitive stimuli, 11, 18, 273 a priori analogies, 95 argument constituents: articulation of strong opposition and, 196–98; convincing response to opposition and, 198–200; interactive reasoning and, 206; resolution or conclusion to posed problems and, 201–3; summary of essential, 204–6; support for thesis statements and, 193–96; thesis statements and, 191–93; truth and analysis of essential constituents of, 191–206; “When Self-Consciousness Takes Up the Challenge, It Is a Wonder to Behold” and, 205–6 arguments, 273; analyzing, 233–53; avoiding Rottweiler flips and getting counterexamples straight in, 136–42; back to seeing whole, 156–58; conclusions and, 102, 201–3; conditional claims and, 165, 169–80; constituents of, 191–200, 201–3, 204–6; content of good, 191; deducing from conditional or all claims with, 163–80; deductive, 51, 102–12, 165–70, 172, 174, 181, 271n45, 273; evaluating global sufficiency of one’s own, 131–36; evaluating local sufficiency in both sides of, 127–30; examples of good, 255–64; getting comfortable with deductive, 103– 5; inductive, 102–4, 273; invalid, 102–3, 163–65, 168–69, 276; local sufficiency and, 113–27, 129–30; making claims about sufficient or necessary conditions with, 142–56; oppositions and, 196–200; overview of, 180–88; parallel, 127, 129– 30; post hoc, 91–93, 208–9, 211, 275; practical reasoning and types of, 102–5; practical reasoning, evaluating reasons, and deductive, 105–12; premises and, 102; reasons and, 102, 105–12, 126–27, 276; responding to incorrect counterexamples in, 159–63; responses and, 88, 89, 93, 99, 198–200; shotgun, 126–27, 276; slippery slope, 87–88, 89, 209, 211, 276; sound, 88, 103, 105, 112–27, 168, 276; straw­ person, 86–87, 130, 197, 204, 211, 276; symbolic, 15; testing for local sufficiency through counterexamples with, 113–27; thesis statements and, 129–30, 191–96; truths and, 87, 98, 190, 191–206; types of, 102–3; valid, 88, 103, 105, 112, 115, 163, 168, 276; wisdom and, 90. See also practical reasoning Aristotle’s square of opposition, 136 articulate listening, 27, 28, 42, 43, 184, 206 associations, 13; physical, 15; process, 15 autonomy, 2, 10, 11–12, 13, 17, 18, 25–28, 35, 38–40, 43, 48, 50, 201, 206, 273 aversive stimuli, 11, 18, 273 begging the question, 208, 209, 210, 211, 273; cognitive fishing and, 77; complex questions and, 79, 274; examples of, 78; fallacies and, 76–80; “A Reason That Is Not a Reason: Begging the Question (I),” 77; “A Reason That Is Not a Reason: Beg­ ging the Question (II),” 79; response to, 80 behavior, 12, 70; evolution of, 20, 42; freedom and evolution of, 20; modifications of, 14 bias neutralization, 41, 43; impartial thinking and, 25–28; processes, 24 Blair, J. A., 192, 271n50 bodies, 66 cheat sheets, 143, 164 checklist for mini-essays, 204 checklist for parallel arguments, 130 children: parents’ relationships with, 74–75; self-control acquired by, 41 circumstantial ad hominem/ad feminam attacks , 80, 81 claims: “all,” 163–80; arguments and deducing from conditional or “all,” 163–80; empirical, 52, 54, 56, 207, 274; nonempirical , 52, 54, 56, 275; reasons and, 105; sufficient or necessary conditions and making, 142–56; value, 54. See also conditional claims cognitive fishing, 77, 194 coherence theory of truth (falsehood), 31, 33, 119, 274 common informal faults. See fallacies communication, 28 communities of inquiry, 25–26, 28 complex questions...