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xi Preface This book was written from the perspective of a career intelligence officer. During my twenty-eight-year career at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), I served as its chief of counterintelligence and later as director of the National Clandestine Service, which is responsible for the collection of intelligence through espionage and the coordination and evaluation of clandestine operations in the US intelligence community. While I was chief of counterintelligence, I often gave presentations in the intelligence community about espionage and drew from many historical examples. I consulted several of the many excellent books on espionage in specific periods of American history and on individual spy cases. I searched in vain for a study that included them all in one compact volume—so, when I first retired, I decided to write one myself. A book of this scope on a topic so broad, covering more than thirty spies through 180 years of American history, can serve as little more than an introduction to the history of espionage in America. Throughout this long period there were far more incidents of espionage against the United States than can be included here. My selections are based on the importance of the particular case or its relevance to a host of issues regarding espionage in American history. The intent of the book is to spark the interest of laypeople and students who are increasingly interested in the field of intelligence, xi Preface xii and provide them with a starting point to begin exploring in greater depth the threat of espionage as illustrated throughout American history. I would also venture that even veteran intelligence officers, preoccupied as they must be with the press of current threats, might learn something new about the history of their chosen profession from the spy stories presented here. To assist those who are interested in delving more deeply into espionage by Americans, I have included an extensive bibliography as a guide to the literature available on individual spy cases and on espionage in specific periods of American history. I would like to express my thanks both to those who encouraged me to publish this book and assisted me in doing so, especially Doug Hubbard, Mark Lowenthal, David Major, Keith Melton, Jim Olson, and Hayden Peake. Their own writings on intelligence have inspired me, and their advice made my own work a much-improved product. Most of all, I would like to thank my colleagues at the CIA and in the intelligence community for all they taught me over the years and for their unheralded dedication and tireless devotion to protecting this nation. All statements of fact, opinion, or analysis are those of the author and do not reflect the official positions or views of the CIA or any other US government agency. Nothing in the contents should be construed as asserting or implying US government authentication of information or the CIA’s endorsement of the author’s views. The material in this book has been reviewed by the CIA to prevent the disclosure of classified information. ...

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