Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel: Life History, Politics, and Culture

Glossary

Glossary Ahdut ha-Avodah, Zionist Socialist Labor Party in Eretz Israel, founded in 1919 aliyah (pl. aliyot) [“ascent”], immigration to Eretz Israel Aliyah, waves of immigration to Palestine/Eretz Israel: First Aliyah, 1882–1903, consisted of individuals and small groups, mostly from Eastern Europe, but also from Yemen and other Middle Eastern and North African countries; the period of the establishment of the early moshavot and semi-modern urban neighborhoods. Second Aliyah, 1904–1914, consisted mainly of immigrants from Eastern Europe, which numbered about 40,000 people. Some were pioneers (halutzim) who worked as hired laborers in the moshavot and in the cities; most of them were middle-class people who settled in the towns, including the new Jaffa neighborhood (later city) of Tel-Aviv. Third Aliyah, 1919–1923, included many halutzim from Zionist movements . Veteran immigrants of the Second Aliyah and the halutzim of the Third founded the Histadrut. More kevutzot and kibbutzim were established as were the first moshavim; more than 35,000 persons arrived during this period. Fourth Aliyah, 1924–1928, contained many middle-class immigrants, over half coming from Poland. Some 80 percent of this Aliyah’s 67,000 olim settled in cities. The rest were pioneers. Thus it was presented as a bourgeois Aliyah with negative connotation. Fifth Aliyah, 1929–1939, numbered over 250,000, with a prominent role played by refugees from Nazi Germany. Ashkenazi (pl. Ashkenazim), Jews from Central or Eastern Europe, especially Germany (versus Sephardi, Jew of Spanish stock) Bilu, acronym—Beit Ya’akov lekhu ve-nelkhah [House of Jacob, go you and let us go]; established in Russia in 1882, first modern movement for pioneering and agricultural settlement in the Land of Israel Davar, newspaper of the Israel Labor Movement, founded 1925 Devar ha-Po’elet, founded 1934, women’s magazine of the Histadrut, central journal of the women’s movement Eretz Israel, Hebrew for Land of Israel; the official Hebrew term for the area governed by British Mandate (1922–1948) gar’in (pl. gar’inim), [“nucleus”], a group of people who train to settle together in Eretz Israel, either forming a new settlement or reinforcing an existing one Gidonim, est. 1913, short-lived semi-clandestine group for sons of farmers; one of its aims was to defend the settlement Zikhron Ya’akov Golah, voluntary dispersion of Jews outside of Israel Haganah, underground Jewish organization in Eretz Israel for armed selfdefense under the British Mandate that eventually became the basis for the Israel Defense Forces hakhsharah (pl. hakhsharot) [“preparation”], training farms in the Diaspora to prepare pioneers for agricultural settlement in Eretz Israel halakhah, the body of rabbinic law halutz (m.), halutza (f.) (pl. halutzim [m.]; halutzot [f.]), pioneers in Eretz Israel , especially in agriculture halutziyyut, pioneering Ha-Po’el ha-Tza’ir [“The Young Worker”], Eretz Israel Labor Party, founded 1905 Ha-Po’el ha-Tza’ir [“The Young Worker”], the Ha-Po’el ha-Tza’ir movement ’s first newspaper; first two issues appeared in 1907, a weekly from 1912 (ceased publication in 1970) Hashomer [“The Watchman”], association of Jewish watchmen in Eretz Israel , active between 1909 and 1920 Haskalah [“Enlightenment”], movement for the dissemination of modern European culture and education among Jews active from about 1750 to 1880 Hebrew [adj.], used to describe Zionist-Jewish endeavors, representing the attempt to establish a new Eretz Israel culture hevrat no’ar, an educational unit of Youth Aliyah whose members formed a self-contained social group with a considerable measure of in-group autonomy . The units resided on a kibbutz or in a youth village or other educational institution operated by Youth Aliyah. Within this framework, in addition to group activities, the members usually spent four hours working in agriculture or in a workshop and four hours in study. See also “Youth Aliyah.” Histadrut (full Heb. name, Ha-Histradrut ha-Kelalit shel ha-Ovedim haIvriyyim be-Eretz Israel), Eretz Israel Jewish Labor Federation, founded in 1920 412 Glossary Hovevei Zion, an early Zionist movement in Russia pre-dating Herzl that established settlements in Ottoman Palestine Jewish Colonization Association, founded 1891, philanthropic association to aid needy or persecuted Jews to emigrate and settle where they would be employed productively, among locations for settlement were Argentina and Eretz Israel kevutzah (pl. kevutzot), smaller-size voluntary collective community constituting an agricultural settlement in Eretz Israel; with growth it evolved into the kibbutz kibbutz (pl. kibbutzim), larger-size voluntary collective community constituting...