Traqueros: Mexican Railroad Workers in the United States, 1870-1930

Endnotes

173 Notes to Foreword I would like to thank the following colleagues who so generously shared their memories of Jeffrey Garcilazo’s life and work: María Raquél Casas, Mario García, Gabriel Gutiérrez, Heidi Tinsman, Steven Topik, and Rodolfo Torres. I am also grateful to Valerie Matsumoto for her thoughtful editorial skills. 1. Gregory Rodríguez, “Why Arizona banned ethnic studies,” Los Angeles Times (February 20, 2012); Jeff Biggers, “Tucson says banished books may return to classroom,” Salon (January 18, 2012); Jeff Biggers, “Who’s Afraid of ‘The Tempest’?,” Salon (January 13, 2012); In the Matter of the Hearing of an Appeal by the Tucson United School District, Case Number 11F-002ADE, Office of the Administrative Hearings (December, 27, 2011) Available at http://azstarnet.com/news/local/education/precollegiate /pdf-tusd-ethnic-studies-ruling/pdf_adf0b17a-52a0-11e18ac0 -0019bb2963f4.html 2. See for example, Lilia Fernández, Brown in the Windy City: Mexicans and Puerto Ricans in Postwar Chicago (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, forthcoming); Gabriela Arredondo, Mexican Chicago: Race, Identity, and Nation, 1916–39 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008); Dionicio Nodín Valdés, Barrios Norteños: St. Paul and Midwestern Mexican Communities in the Twentieth Century (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2000); and Zaragosa Vargas, Proletarians of the North: A History of Mexican Industrial Workers in Detroit and the Midwest, 1917– 1933 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). Endnotes Jeffrey Marcos Garcilazo 174 3. Interview with Ray Buriel, December 21, 1994, conducted by the author as quoted in From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998): 22. Notes to Introduction 1. Clippings, Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka (hereafter kshs). I am very grateful to Connie Menninger at the kshs for her assistance and cooperation with this project. 2. A word about terminology is needed. The term “Mexican” is preferred in the title throughout this study as opposed to others for the following reasons: “Mexican” historically encompasses Hispanicized Indians and Hispanos, whereas the others do not; all three tend to be lumped together as such in the documents; and most importantly, Mexican immigrants (or migrants, as some have argued) far outnumbered Indians and Hispanos on the railroad, especially in track work. Nonetheless, each group will be identified as Indian, Hispano, or Mexican when necessary in order to distinguish between them. The term “mexicano” (Spanish pronunciation of Mexican) is herein used interchangeably with Mexican. The term “Indian,” or “American Indian” is herein used to refer to those who identified themselves as Indian and whom others identified as Indian and not Mexican. The term “Hispano” is used in this study to designate those “Mexicans ” from the regions of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico who preferred to identify themselves as such. The term “Hispano” is also used interchangeably with “Mexican American” (U.S.-born) as opposed to traqueros born in Mexico. The terms “Anglo,” “white” and “Euro-American” are herein used interchangeably. And although these terms clumsily lump together people from Europe, specific European ethnics are designated when the data allows it. 3. Chicano historians who have included discussion of Mexican track work are: Albert Camarillo, Chicanos in a Changing Society: From Mexican Pueblos to American Barrios in Santa Barbara and Southern California, 1848–1930 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979); Mario T. García, Desert Immigrants : The Mexicans of El Paso, 1880–1920 (New Haven: 175 Endnotes Yale University Press, 1981); Ricardo Romo, East Los Angeles: History of a Barrio (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983); Mario Barrera, Race and Class in the Southwest: A Theory of Racial Inequality (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1979); other works have added more to our understanding of the experiences of Mexican track workers, for example: Michael M. Smith, The Mexicans in Oklahoma (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980); Thomas E. Sheridan, Los Tucsonenses: The Mexican Community in Tucson, 1854–1941 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992); George J. Sánchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Maria Herrera-Sobek, Northward Bound: The Mexican Immigrant Experience in Ballad and Song (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Zaragosa Vargas, Proletarians of the North: A History of Mexican Industrial Workers in Detroit and the Midwest, 1917–1933 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); and especially the monograph by Emilio Zamora, The World of the Mexican Worker in Texas (College...