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Homophenes (2) how carefully he or she makes the sounds, and (3) how good the viewing conditions are. Under usual communication conditions the speaker talks at an average to fairly rapid rate and does not attempt to make very precise movements. Therefore , some ofthe speech movements that can be seen under ideal conditions, such as in speechreading class, are less visible. A discussion ofwhich consonant movements are visible under usual communication conditions and which are not follows. 1. The easiest and most stable speech movement is the one for IfI and lvi, in which the lower lip moves upward and touches the upper teeth. This movement is made by almost all speakers and can be seen even when speech is fast. The IfI occurs more frequently at the beginning of words and the Ivl more frequently at the end of words. 2. Another visible movement is the one for Iwl and Irl at the beginning and in the middle of words. The lips are rounded in the "kissing position ." Visibility of these sounds varies with the speaker, the rate of speech, and the vowel that follows. Lip rounding tends to be less pronounced in words like ran or watch than in words like root or wood. Interestingly, the sound movement becomes more pronounced when speech becomes faster. 3. The movements for Ip/, Ib/, and Iml are very visible. The lips move to a completely closed position , are pressed closely together, and then open for the following sound. Sometimes, the lips do not open for a Ip/, fbi, or Iml at the end of a sentence . Notice the movements for 1m! at the end of the following sentence: I did not see him. Similarly , the lips may not open if the fbi, Ip/, or Iml occurs in the middle of a word (e.g., captain). The lip movements for these sounds tend to be stable. They are not usually affected by individual speech habits, rate of speech, or surrounding vowels. 4. Another visible movement is the one for ITHI as in then and Ithi as in thank. The tip of the tongue can be seen between the teeth. For speakers who do not protrude their tongues, the ITHI 17 and Ithi sounds are not very visible. Neither sound occurs as often at the end ofwords as at the beginning or in the middle of words. 5. The fifth visible movement is the one for Ishl as in she, Ichl as in cheese, Ijl as in joke, and Izhl as in measure. The Izhl sound occurs most often in the middle of words and occasionally at the end (e.g., beige). The other three sounds can occur in all positions ofwords. The movement for these sounds involves the lips moving forward into a semirounded position. Some speakers use less forward movement than others, especially if the speech is fast. Also, there is less forward movement with some vowels than others. For example, the lips are less rounded in the word cheese than in the word chew. All of the other consonants, Ill, In/, It!, Id/, lsi, /z/, Iy/, Ik/, Ig/, /hI, and combinations such as Ing/, Inti, and Indl are very difficult to see. They are made inside the mouth with the teeth close together . Rarely can these sounds be identified only by what is seen on the lips; context is very important . Homophenes Did you notice that in the description of the movements for the different sounds, there was always more than one sound that looked the same? Because sounds look alike, it is not always easy to identify the specific word a speaker is saying. For example, the words pay, bay, and may look exactly the same. They are called homophenes. It is helpful to know which words look alike so that if you interpret a speaker's message in one way and later realize you were wrong, you know which other words are possible. Usually you can identify the correct homophene from the sentence in which it is spoken. Sometimes, however, a sentence can be interpreted in two ways; both homophenes make sense. As the conversation continues, you get more information to help decide which possibility is correct. Homophenes (2) how carefully he or she makes the sounds, and (3) how good the viewing conditions are. Under usual communication conditions the speaker talks at an average to fairly rapid rate and does not attempt to make veryprecise movements. Therefore , some ofthe speech movements that can be seen under ideal...

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