Greater than Equal: African American Struggles for Schools and Citizenship in North Carolina, 1919-1965

Notes

261 Notes abbrevIatIons ATA Arch T. Allen CAE Clyde A. Erwin CO Charlotte Observer DCT Durham Carolina Times DIS Papers Department of Public Instruction, Division of Instructional Services Papers, State Archives, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh DMH Durham Morning Herald DNE Papers Department of Public Instruction, Division of Negro Education Papers, State Archives, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh ECB E. C. Brooks GC DNE General Correspondence of the Director Series, Department of Public Instruction, Division of Negro Education Papers, State Archives, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh GC SPI General Correspondence Series, Department of Public Instruction, Superintendent of Public Instruction Papers, State Archives, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh GDN Greensboro Daily News GEB Papers General Education Board Papers, Rockefeller Archive Center, Pocantico Hills, North Tarrytown, N.Y. GHF G. H. Ferguson HDR Hickory Daily Record HLT Herman L. Taylor JES James E. Shepard LR Lumberton Robesonian MARS 104.3 Department of Public Instruction, State Superintendent’s Office Papers, General Correspondence, Old Records Center, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh MARS 104.56 Department of Public Instruction, School Planning Section Papers, Application Folders for School Construction Funds, Old Records Center, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh NAACP Papers National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. NCC North Carolina Collection, Louis R. Wilson Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 262 / noteS to pAgeS 1–3 NCDAH State Archives, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh NCN Nathan C. Newbold NCTR North Carolina Teachers Record Newbold A&S Articles and Speeches of Nathan C. Newbold Series, Department of Public Instruction, Division of Negro Education Papers, State Archives, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh Newbold Papers Nathan Carter Newbold Papers, Duke University, William R. Perkins Library, Special Collections, Durham, N.C. NYT New York Times PC Pittsburgh Courier PTA Papers North Carolina Congress of Colored Parents and Teachers Papers, North Carolina State Parent Teacher Association Headquarters, Raleigh RC Raleigh Carolinian RN&O Raleigh News and Observer Shepard Papers James E. Shepard Papers, North Carolina Central University, James E. Shepard Memorial Library, University Archives, Records and History Center, Durham, N.C. SSF Special Subject Files, Department of Public Instruction, Division of Negro Education Papers, State Archives, North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh SSN Southern School News TM Thurgood Marshall WW Walter White Note: For some manuscript sources, I used both the archival and microfilm copies. Within the notes, the distinction is indicated by the fact that I have included reel numbers for the microfilm versions. For archival collections in which the folders are organized in an intuitive fashion—for example, the General Correspondence Series of the DNE Papers is generally organized by last name of correspondent—I have in most cases included only box numbers. IntroductIon 1. Clotfelter, Ladd, and Vigdor, “Classroom-Level Segregation and Resegregation,” 70–71; Traub, “Can Separate Be Equal?” 36; Time, 29 April 1996; Tim Simmons, “School Choice Is Resegregating Charlotte,” RN&O, 3 November 2002, 1A, 12A. 2. In Leandro v. State of North Carolina (1997), the North Carolina Supreme Court affirmed the state’s duty to provide each child with an “equal opportunity to receive a sound basic education.” 3. Clotfelter, Ladd, and Vigdor, “Classroom-Level Segregation and Resegregation,” 79–80; T. Keung Hui, “Is Diversity Worth the Effort?” a forum in the RN&O, 30 October 2005, 25A–26A. 4. Major works covering the early history of black education include James D. Anderson , Education of Blacks; Bullock, History of Negro Education; Harlan, Separate and Unequal ; Heather Williams, Self-Taught; Span, From Cotton Field to Schoolhouse; Moss, noteS to pAgeS 3–7 / 263 Schooling Citizens; Eric Anderson and Moss, Dangerous Donations. For black education in North Carolina during this period, see Leloudis, Schooling the New South, chapter 6; Westin, “State and Segregated Schools”; Boggs, “State Supported Higher Education.” The literature on desegregation receives further attention in chapter 6. 5. Woodward, Thinking Back, 87; James D. Anderson, “Jubilee Anniversary,” 155–56; Hall, “Long Civil Rights Movement.” Studies that emphasize this middle period in educational history within the North Carolina context include Gavins, “Within the Shadow”; Walker, Their Highest Potential; Burns, “North Carolina and the Negro Dilemma.” For recent case studies that have examined the long sweep of educational equalization efforts in other locations, see Scott Baker, Paradoxes of Desegregation; Bolton, Hardest Deal of All; Shabazz, Advancing Democracy; Sugrue, Sweet...