Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976-1991

Abbreviations Used in Text

xiii Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in the text. (For source abbreviations used in the notes, see p. 527.) ANC African National Congress of South Africa ATN Agrupación de Tropas del Norte ATS Agrupación de Tropas del Sur CIA Central Intelligence Agency, United States COMECON Council of Mutual Economic Assistance DCI Director of Central Intelligence, United States DIA Defense Intelligence Agency, United States DTA Democratic Turnhalle Alliance EPG Eminent Persons Group FAPLA People’s Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola FAR Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias), Cuba FLEC Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda FLS Front Line States FNLA National Front for the Liberation of Angola FRELIMO Liberation Front of Mozambique GDR German Democratic Republic INF intermediate-range nuclear forces INR Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff, United States JMC Joint Monitoring Commission MI Military Intelligence, South Africa MINFAR Ministerio de las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias, Cuba MK Umkontho We Sizwe xiv Abbreviations MPLA Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola NSC National Security Council, United States OAU Organization of African Unity PRA People’s Republic of Angola RENAMO Mozambique National Resistance SA South Africa SACP South African Communist Party SADF South African Defence Force SAG South African government SALT II Strategic Arms Limitation Talks SCC Special Coordinating Committee of the U.S. National Security Council SWA South West Africa (Namibia) SWAPO South West Africa People’s Organization SWATF South West Africa Territory Force UNITA National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UNSC United Nations, Security Council UNTAG United Nations Transition Assistance Group USG United States Government ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union ZAPU Zimbabwe African People’s Union Visions of Freedom 2 Cuba GULF OF MEXICO ATLANTIC OCEAN CARIBBEAN SEA Miami Havana Mariel Guantanamo (U.S.A.) Santiago N 0 200 Mi. Sierra Maestra Bay of Pigs U.S.A. THE BAHAMAS CUBA HAITI JAMAICA Island of Youth 3 Africa 0 500 1000 Mi. ZAIRE ANGOLA NAMIBIA (South West Africa) SOUTH AFRICA BOTSWANA ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE (Rhodesia) MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCAR MALAWI TANZANIA BURUNDI The Comoros GABON São Tomé Príncipe Zanzibar (united with Tanzania 1964) EQUATORIAL GUINEA IVORY COAST TOGO CONGO SIERRA LEONE LIBERIA GUINEA GUINEABISSAU MAURITANIA WESTERN SAHARA NIGER ALGERIA LIBYA CHAD ETHIOPIA KENYA SOMALIA UGANDA RWANDA CAMEROON CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC BENIN UPPER VOLTA GHANA TUNISIA MOROCCO SUDAN EGYPT MALI SENEGAL NIGERIA Cairo Algiers Rabat Bissau Conakry Freetown Brazzaville Accra Kinshasa (Leopoldville) Luanda Pretoria Dar-es-Salaam Maputo Khartoum Addis Ababa Lusaka SOUTH YEMEN Eritrea Ogaden 4 Angola ATLANTIC OCEAN Jamba Ruacana Calueque Dam Refugee camp Military training camp Headquarters of UNITA rebel leader Hydroelectric complex N 0 0 200 300 km 100 100 200 mi C O N G O Z A I R E Z A I R E Z A M B I A ZIMBABWE B O T S W A N A N A M I B I A Boma Cabinda Uige Luanda Sumbe Luena Cazombo Lobito Benguela Huambo Namibe Lubango Matala Kuvango Menongue Cuito Cuanavale Tchamutete Caiundo Mavinga Cahama Ondjiva Luiana Cangamba Chibia Brazzaville Kinshasa Kamina Kolwezi Oshakati Grootfontein Rundu Cassinga CABINDA ZAIRE UIGE CUANZA NORTE MALANJE LUNDA NORTE LUANDA BENGO CUANZA SUL LUNDA SUL BENGUELA HUAMBO BIE MOXICO NAMIBE HUILA CUANDO CUBANGO CUNENE 5 Namibia, showing the homelands and “White Area” (adapted from Rand Daily Mail [Johannesburg], July 13, 1978) ATLANTIC OCEAN Walvis Bay (South Africa) Windhoek Caprivi strip Caprivi strip 0 0 200 300 km 100 100 200 mi N KAOKOVELD OVAMBOLAND KAVANGOLAND CAPRIVI BUSHMANLAND HEREROLAND DAMARALAND BASTERLAND NAMALAND TSWANALAND KAOKOVELD OVAMBOLAND KAVANGOLAND CAPRIVI BUSHMANLAND HEREROLAND DAMARALAND BASTERLAND NAMALAND TSWANALAND ANGOLA ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE BOTSWANA SOUTH AFRICA 6 Southern Angola, showing the Cuban defensive line ATL AN TI C OCE AN Refugee camp Headquarters of UNITA rebel leader Hydroelectric complex Cuban defensive line Calueque Dam Jamba Cuito C u b a n g o C u n e n e Cunene Ruacana N 0 0 200 km 100 100 50 150 mi Xangongo Cuvelai Cuangar Mulondo Ondangwa Namibe Lubango Matala Kuvango Menongue Cuito Cuanavale Tchamutete Caiundo Mavinga Cahama Ondjiva Luiana Oshakati Grootfontein Rundu NAMIBE HUILA CUNENE CUANDO CUBANGO A N G O L A ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE BOTSWANA NAMIBIA Cassinga 7 Angola...