Shifting Loyalties: The Union Occupation of Eastern North Carolina

Index

239 Index African Americans: assertions of independence , 81, 83; celebrate Emancipation Proclamation, 88–89; conflict with whites, 81, 89–90, 168; efforts to acquire education, 100–106, 110; employment of, 90–96; enlistment in Union army, 96–100; escape from slavery, 85–90; industrious efforts of, 170; intimate relations with Union soldiers, 132; legal rights granted to, 168; marry legally, 89; negotiate enlistment terms, 97–98; numbers in Union army, 99; plunder New Bern, 57; racial ideology of inferiority of, 132; racism of Union soldiers toward, 123; religious practices of, 117–20, 205 (n. 30); resist white preachers, 118; robust community in settlements of, 93–95; seize white property, 84–85; as servants, 92; as spies, 91; suffrage for, 171; utilize benevolent societies for material gain, 120–21; whites angry at enlistments of, 169; whites resent freedoms of, 168–71. See also Slaves African Brigade, 99 Albany, N.Y., 108 Allen, George H., 149, 150 American Freedmen’s Inquiry Commission , 87 American Missionary, 83 American Missionary Association, 83, 117, 120, 203 (n. 2); arrives in region, 102, 105; closes schools for yellow fever, 111; conflicts between teachers of, 106, 112–14; correspondent records school closing, 101; demand for teachers of, 109; disagreement over religious practices, 118; hardships for teachers of, 102, 110–11; history of, 108; opens schools in New Bern, 107; preconceptions of African Americans, 119–20; recognizes importance of African American enlistment, 96; records African American education experience, 103; requirements for teachers , 108; sexual indiscretions by teachers of, 113; teachers leave region, 111; teachers pictured, 109; white threats against teachers of, 110 Anderson, Jack, 134 Andrew, John, 99, 124 Andrews, Sidney, 1 Andrews Battery, 36, 50 Annie Grey, 160 Antietam, battle of, 80, 130, 142 Appomattox, 171 Army of the Potomac, 126 Arnold, Easton, 72, 73 Ash, Stephen V., 197 (n. 45) Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad, 17, 51, 56 Atlantic Hotel (Beaufort), 30, 32, 50, 66, 196 (n. 27) Averasboro, N.C., 125 Bachelor Creek, 128 Baltimore, Md., 16 Bank of New Bern, 55 Bank of North Carolina (New Bern), 44 Baptists, 116, 117 240 Index Barbour, Mary, 87 Barlow, Joseph, 64, 86, 139, 143, 144, 146, 147, 171 Bartlett, Edward J., 100, 139, 143, 171 Baynes, John, 144 Beals, H. S., 82, 83, 109 Beaufort, N.C.: African American church threatened in, 171; African American conflicts with whites in, 90; African American enlistments in, 96, 169; African Americans living in, 168; African American population in, 88; as African American religious center, 117; African Americans work for Union forces in, 93; AMA schools in, 108; AMA teachers in, 103, 108; antebellum population of, 12; beating of African Americans in, 81; business returns to, 64; captured by Union forces, 56, 59–60; celebration of firing on Fort Sumter in, 30; complaints by Union soldiers of African Americans in, 123; Confederate enlistments in, 32, 36; Confederate reinforcements arrive in, 42–43; defensive preparations of, 45; depredations in, 84; development of, 9; early description of, 16; female spy arrested in, 159–60; guerrilla attacks against, 135; harbor of, 11, 17; hostility toward African Americans in, 169; illegal liquor sales in, 151; inefficiency of teachers in, 112; map of, 10; naval stores industry in, 151; postwar, 172–76, 178; prepares for Union attack, 41; prostitutes in, 142; railroad controversy in, 17; reaction to Union troops’ arrival in, 149; as refuge for blockading ships, 126; residents abandon Confederate army, 70; resistance by female population of, 75; as resort area, 18, 19; during Revolution, 12; school burned in, 171; settlement of, 11; slaves escape to, 88; threatened with bombardment , 60, 62; trade on waterways near, 154; trade prohibitions in, 153; trade welcomed in, 150; travel difficulties from, 11; Union forces fear attack in, 89; Unionist merchants ostracized in, 173–75; Unionists in, 48, 50, 63, 64; Union meetings in, 23–24, 33, 50, 70; Union organizations in, 72; Union soldiers demoralized in, 144; Union soldiers seize property in, 66–68; visited by northern journalist after war, 1; white attitudes toward Union army in, 172; yellow fever in, 111 Beaufort County, N.C., 173 Beaufort Harbor Guards, 33 Beauregard Rifles, 30, 31 Beecher, Henry Ward, 107 Bell, Daniel, 161 Bell, David W., 162 Bell, John, 22 Bell, Joseph A., 193 (n. 51) Bell, Rufus W., 159, 176 Benevolent societies: conflicts between, 116–17; number of, 205 (n. 28); preconceptions of African Americans by members of, 119–20; rejected by poor whites, 171; varieties of, 117 Blair,William A., 35 Bloodgood, Joseph, 61 Bogue Banks...