Confronting America: The Cold War between the United States and the Communists in France and Italy

Contents and Illustrations

Contents Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations x INTRODUCTION 1 1 THE COMMUNISTS AND NATIONAL REBIRTH IN FRANCE AND ITALY, 1944–1946 13 2 CONFRONTING THE COMMUNISTS IN GOVERNMENT 53 The American Response, 1944–1947 3 POLARIZED CONFRONTATION 87 U.S. Aid and Propaganda versus Cominform in France and Italy, 1947–1950 4 COMMUNIST PEACE CAMPAIGNS AND AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE, 1948–1955 122 5 THE CULTURAL COLD WAR AT ITS PEAK 157 Mass Culture and Intellectuals, 1948–1956 6 DIPLOMATIC MANEUVERING 201 Communist and American Interplay of Foreign and Domestic Policies during the Eisenhower and Kennedy Administrations 7 REDEFINING OPPRESSION 244 The 1960s, from Affluence to Youth Protest 8 REDEFINING INTERDEPENDENCE 302 The Eurocommunism of the 1970s and the U.S. Response EPILOGUE 347 Cultural and Political Decline CONCLUSION 382 Notes 399 Bibliography 473 Index 509 Illustrations Marshall Plan propaganda poster by the Italian Christian Democratic Party 90 Christian Democratic poster against the PCI-PSI Popular Front for the 1948 national elections 106 The PCI’s anti–Marshall Plan propaganda poster 120 Anti-NATO poster by the PCF, 1951 127 PCF poster, 1952 129 Propaganda poster for the Marshall Plan, 1947 140 PCI’s electoral poster for the 1953 national elections 150 Italy’s Christian Democratic Party’s electoral poster for the 1953 national elections 151 Anti-NATO poster by the PCF, 1953 153 The PCI’s campaign against the Vietnam War 262 Youth Federation of the French Communist Party poster, 1968 283 PCF poster, 1971 320 PCI poster, 1973 329 The Italian Student Communist Movement in solidarity with the women’s emancipation movement announcing a demonstration on Women’s Day, 8 March, 1970s 353 PCI poster, 1984 372 PCF poster, 1985 374 Poster announcing the Gay Movies Program by the gay movement section of ARCI, 1984 380 ...