Transpacific Field of Dreams: How Baseball Linked the United States and Japan in Peace and War

Notes

NOTES Introduction 1. Barzun’s quote is from Jules Tygiel, Past Time: Baseball as History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), ix; Peter C. Bjarkman, Diamonds around the Globe: The Encyclopedia of International Baseball (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005); George Gmelch, ed., Baseball without Borders: The International Pastime (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006); Joseph A. Reaves, Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004); Leonard Cassuto and Stephen Partridge, eds., The Cambridge Companion to Baseball (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011). For early Cuban baseball, see Roberto González Echevarría, The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999); and Louis A. Pérez Jr., On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), particularly 75–83. For an account of early baseball in Mexico, see Pedro Treto Cisneros, The Mexican League (Jefferson , NC: McFarland, 2002). For baseball in the Dominican Republic, Alan M. Klein, Sugarball: The American Game, the Dominican Dream (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1991). See also Colin D. Howell, “Baseball and Borders: The Diffusion of Baseball into Mexican and Canadian-­ American Borderland Regions, 1885–1911,” Nine 11, no. 2 (Spring 2003): 16–26. Studies of A. G. Spalding’s baseball world tour (1888– 89) abound. For the most recent works, see Mark Lamster, Spalding’s World Tour: The Epic Adventure That Took Baseball around the Globe—and Made It America’s Game (New York: Public Affairs, 2006); and Thomas W. Zeiler, Ambassadors in Pinstripes: The Spalding World Baseball Tour and the Birth of the American Empire (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006). 2. In this book I use the narrow definition of “Americans,” meaning the people who reside within the territories of the United States. 3. The study of baseball in Japan has produced a significant accumulation of English-­ language literature, especially for the post–World War II period. Some of the best-­ known English-­ language works written for popular readership include Robert Whiting, The Chrysanthemum and the Bat: The Game Japanese Play (Tokyo: Permanent Press, 1977) and You Gotta Have Wa (New York: Vintage, 1990); and Robert Obojski, The Rise of Japanese Baseball Power (Radnor, PA: Chilton Books, 1975). Ikei Masaru’s Hakkyū TaiheiyōwoWataru (Tokyo: Chūo Kōron Shinsha, 1974) is the trailblazing study of the role of baseball in U.S.-­ Japanese relations. For a more recent study of Japanese baseball, see Sakaue Yasuhiro, Nippon Yakyū no Keifugaku (Tokyo: Seikyūsha, 2001). For useful counterpoint to Whiting’s notion of “samurai baseball,” see William Kelly, “Samurai Baseball: The Vicissitudes of a National Sporting Style,” International Journal of the History of Sport 26, no. 3 (2009): 429–41; and Thomas Blackwood, “Through Sweat and Tears: High School Baseball and the Socialization of Japanese Boys” (Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 2005). For the pre–World War II period, see Donald Roden, “Baseball and the Quest for National Dignity in Meiji Japan,” American Historical Review 85 (1980): 511–34; Satoshi Shimizu, “The Creation of Professional Sports 246 | Notes to Pages 2–3 Leagues in Japan: A Cultural History of Human Networks,” International Journal of the History of Sport 27, no. 3 (2010): 553–69; Richard C. Crepeau, “Pearl Harbor: A Failure of Baseball?,” Journal of Popular Culture 15, no. 4 (1982): 67–74; Robert Sinclair, “Baseball’s Rising Sun: American Interwar Baseball Diplomacy and Japan,” Canadian Journal of the History of Sport 16, no. 2 (1985): 44–53; and Sumner La Croix, “Rule Changes and Competitive Balance in Japanese Professional Baseball,” Economic Inquiry 37, no. 2 (1999): 353–68. See also chapter 4 of Dennis Frost, Seeing Stars: Sports Celebrity, Identity, and Body Culture in Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010). Sayuri Guthrie-­ Shimizu, “For Love of the Game: Baseball in Early U.S.-­ Japanese Encounters and the Rise of a Transnational Sporting Fraternity,” Diplomatic History 28, no. 5 (2004): 637–62; John Gripentrog, “The Transnational Pastime: Baseball and American Perceptions of Japan in the 1930s,” Diplomatic History 34, no. 2 (2010): 247–73. 4. Timing was crucial in shaping theworld geographyof sport dissemination.Western team sports in modern, codified, and standardized form emerged at a particular juncture in world history when the British Empire was at the pinnacle of its power. Sports such as soccer, rugby, and cricket were thus spread to many areas of the world in the late nineteenth century by agents of British imperialism. Baseball...