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Index Akers v. Hodel (1989), 125 Allen, Chadwick, 68–69 Allotment policy: and white settlement , 22, 23, 56, 58; and land, 22, 49, 56, 226 (n. 28); and Osage Mineral Estate, 23, 49, 66, 103–4, 223 (n. 21); and Osage allotment roll, 23, 103, 223 (n. 21); and Osage Tribal Council, 23, 141; and blood, 55–56, 226–27 (n. 30); goal of, 151; and Grant, 222–23 (n. 19) American Indian nations: and colonial process, 7, 11, 20; changing practices of, 11; decision-making process of, 20–21; ownership of land in Indian Territory, 22–23; and House Concurrent Resolution 108, 24; U.S. termination of, 24, 62, 85, 86–87, 89, 114, 223 (n. 24); and tribal council structure, 27–28; governmental reforms of, 31, 33; and U.S. allotment policy, 55; and allotment rolls, 56; white settlers disrupting boundaries of, 59; restitution for, 64; future of, 65, 78; and citizenship, 80; U.S. government ’s criteria for recognition of, 86, 229 (n. 34); trust relationship with United States, 112–13; and sovereignty , 132, 133, 137–38, 147–50, 152, 153, 154; and tobacco smoke shops, 147–48, 149, 233 (n. 47); U.S. government’s assertion of authority over, 233 (n. 27). See also specific nations American Indians: unifying narratives about, 10; anthropology studied by, 12–13; as term, 13; and blood as defining characteristic of, 51, 55, 56, 58–59, 64–65, 68–69; and blood mixing, 54–55; and citizenship requirements, 59, 61, 227 (n. 60); and U.S. citizenship, 67; culture of, 76–79, 80, 85, 89, 96, 99; myth of Indian extinction, 78; political presence of, 79 American paternalism, 112, 136 Anderson, Benedict, 5 Annuitants: and Osage Mineral Estate, 14, 18, 100, 102–3, 105, 111, 112, 113, 114, 119, 120, 122–24, 127; and Osage citizenship, 23, 24, 115, 124, 128; and Osage Government Reform Commission, 32, 34; and community meetings, 39, 41, 106–7; and Osage reform process, 102–3, 106–7, 109, 111, 114–15, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121; and “non-competent” Osage, 105; off-reservation, 120–21; and Osage sovereignty, 139, 140, 145 Annuity payments, 19, 20, 21, 141 Anoatubby, Bill, 148 Anthropology: and political processes in Indian Country, 11; American Indians’ study of, 12–13; and grammatical tense, 14; and culture, 77–78, 79 Arizona House Bill 2281, 67 Arizona Senate Bill 1070, 67 Assimilation: resistance to, 11; and allotment policy, 23, 56; and House Concurrent Resolution 108, 24; and culture, 85, 89, 95 Authenticity, and culture, 77, 78, 79, 87 Authority: contestation of, 6, 9–10, 133; negation of components of, 9; of U.S. government, 50; and culture, 79. See also Osage authority 246 : : : I n d e x Bailey, Garrick A., 91, 94, 152, 230 (n. 44) Barnett, Hepsi: and Osage reform process , 32, 35–37, 42, 97, 137–38; and Maker, 36, 43; and constitutional writing, 43–44, 137; and Osage citizenship , 65; and Osage sovereignty, 135, 137–38 Bays, Brad, 233 (n. 47) Beede, Cyrus, 21 Belonging: notions surrounding, 2; and culture, 78, 99 Bigheart, James (Osage Chief), 23, 103, 223 (n. 21) Biological traits, and Osage identity, 3, 4, 50, 63–64, 67, 83 Blacks: “polluting” nature of African blood, 54; and U.S. citizenship, 67 Blood: American Indians defined by, 51, 55, 56, 58–59, 64–65, 68–69; contested history of, 51–52; and colonial process, 52, 63, 69; and race, 53, 55, 59, 61–62, 65, 73, 77; and civilization, 53–54, 55; blood mixing, 54–55, 58; and allotment policy, 55–56, 226–27 (n. 30); and blood quantum, 62, 65, 226–27 (n. 30); and blood memory, 68–69; and heterosexuality, 70. See also Osage blood Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 226 (n. 16) Branstetter, Jerri Jean, 34 Bruyneel, Kevin, 79, 133 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA): letters on Osage citizenship, 26, 28, 115, 124, 125, 187–88; and Certificate Degree of Indian, 49, 51, 225 (n. 2); and self-government compacts, 109, 110, 111; and Osage Mineral Estate, 127. See also Office of Indian Affairs Burke Act of 1906, 56 Burns, Louis, 53, 55 Burton, Antoinette, 5, 50, 221 (n. 19) Callahan, Alice, 83 Carlisle Indian School, 20 Casinos: and Osage Nation, 24, 27, 67, 103, 137, 145, 146–47; and Osage Tribal Council, 24, 27, 110 Cattelino, Jessica, 132 Certificate Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB), 33, 48, 49, 51, 67, 225 (n. 71) Cherokee Constitution (1839), 21 Cherokee Nation, 64, 112, 148, 149 Cherokee Nation...

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