Colonial Entanglement: Constituting a Twenty-First-Century Osage Nation

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Personal Communication, June 1, 2005. I used a video camera throughout my research, and most of the quotes in this book are from transcriptions made of meetings or interviews. Only occasionally, such as in this discussion, when I was not recording, were the quotes taken from my notes. All quotes from interviews , meetings, and personal conversations have a date, and the community meetings are also referenced as to their location. When I am referencing a conversation that happened either informally or during a formal interview, I refer to it as a Personal Communication. Even though most people I interviewed did not request anonymity, I have only used the names of the major public figures, particularly those people whose position would not allow their statements to remain anonymous. 2. Ōmae, End of the Nation State. 3. Brubaker, “Migration, Membership, and the Modern Nation-State,” 77. 4. Burton, After the Imperial Turn. 5. Simpson, “Paths toward a Mohawk Nation,” 119. 6. Berggren et al., Why Constitutions Matter, 12. 7. This approach takes inspiration from various works in political anthropology , including Williams, Stains on My Name; Joseph and Nugent, Everyday Forms of State Formation; Alonso, “Politics of Space, Time, and Substance”; Palay, “Toward an Anthropology of Democracy”; Simpson, To the Reserve and Back Again; and Lambert, Choctaw Nation. 8. Roseberry, “Hegemony and the Language of Contention,” 358. 9. Burton, After the Imperial Turn, 6. 10. Nagan and Hammer, “The Changing Character of Sovereignty in International Law and International Relations,” 20. 11. Wolfe, “Settler Colonialism and the Elimination of the Native,” 388. 12. Smith, Everything You Know about Indians Is Wrong, 27. 13. Mbembe, On the Postcolony, 66. 14. Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power, 1–2. 15. For more information on Osage ribbon work, see Bailey and Swan, Art of the Osage; Callahan, The Osage Ceremonial Dance I’n-Lon-Schka. 16. For discussion of artwork as a statement of indigenous sovereignty, see Rickard, “Uncovering/Recovering.” 17. For a parallel usage of the term “entanglement,” see Thomas, Entangled Objects. 18. Dirks, Colonialism and Culture, 15. 19. Burton, After the Imperial Turn, 85. 20. Haraway, “Situated Knowledges.” 222 : : : N o t e s t o P a g e s 10–23 21. See Hacking, “Making Up People,” for further discussion of the classification of people within the human sciences. 22. Haraway, Modest_Witness@Second_Millennium.FemaleMan_Meets_Onco Mouse, 273. 23. Lesser, Pawnee Ghost Dance Hand Game, xxii. 24. Medicine, Learning to Be an Anthropologist and Remaining Native, 291. 25. Deloria, Custer Died for Your Sins, quoted in Medicine, Learning to Be an Anthropologist and Remaining Native, 290. 26. Medicine, Learning to Be an Anthropologist and Remaining Native, 177. 27. Simpson, “On Ethnographic Refusal,” 126. 28. Simpson, To the Reserve and Back Again, 11. 29. Lambert, Choctaw Nation, 11. 30. Ibid., 15. 31. Ibid., 10. 32. Many academics, including other anthropologists, political scientists, literary critics, and historians, have influenced my understanding and presentation of the 2004–6 Osage reform process. Their work will be cited throughout this book. 33. Lemont, American Indian Constitutional Reform, 88–89. 34. Medicine, Learning to Be an Anthropologist and Remaining Native, 290. 35. Delgado and Stefancic, Critical Race Theory, 3. Chapter 1 1. Rollings, Unaffected by the Gospel. 2. Ibid. 3. Jackson, Letters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, 200. 4. Ibid., 201. 5. Rollings, Unaffected by the Gospel. 6. Burns, A History of the Osage People. 7. Kappler, Indian Treaties, 1778–1883, 878. 8. Deloria and Lytle, American Indians, American Justice. 9. Little is known about the circumstances surrounding the 1861 Constitution. This is a topic that needs further research. 10. Beede, “Osage Agency, Indian Territory,” 92. 11. Wilson, The Underground Reservation. 12. Warrior, Tribal Secrets, 75. 13. Ibid. 14. Freeman, “Report of Osage Agency,” 241. 15. Burns, A History of the Osage People. 16. Ibid. 17. Wilkins and Lomawaima, Uneven Ground. 18. Prucha, Great Father. 19. This effort began in the late 1860s, in the peace commissions that followed the Civil War. At the Okmulgee Council, there was an effort to block allotment once and for all, but President Grant had the language changed, allowing for later N o t e s t o P a g e s 23–33 : : : 223 allotment, if the nations agreed. See Denson, Demanding the Cherokee Nation; and Genetin-Pilawa, Confining Indians. 20. Wilson, Underground Reservation. 21. Many different arguments have been made about why the Osage were able...