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Notes  PROLOGUE 1. HudsonWeekly Gazette, Apr. 7, 1785.Within this selection from Price (see the epigraph), the quoted section is attributed by Price as “thewords of Montesquieu.” According to Bernard Peach, this is actually a paraphrase of extended sections of Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws. See Peach, Richard Price and the Ethical Foundations of the American Revolution (Durham, N.C., 1979), 183–184. 2. George Wilson Pierson,Tocqueville and Beaumont in America (New York, 1938), 171–184. 3. Ibid., 189; Donald B.Cole, MartinVan Buren and the American Political System (Princeton, N.J., 1984), 220–221; John Niven, MartinVan Buren: The Romantic Age of American Politics (New York, 1983), 288–289. 4. If Price’s legitimate government required the “common consent” of all Americans, such legitimacy is still to this day the focus of continuous struggle. See Eric Foner,The Storyof American Freedom (New York, 1998); Robert H. Wiebe, Self-Rule: A Cultural History of American Democracy (Chicago, 1995); Judith N. Shklar, American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion (Cambridge, Mass., 1991). 5. For a longer discussion, see John L. Brooke, “Consent, Civil Society, and the Public Sphere in the Age of Revolution and the Early Republic,” in Jeffrey L. Pasley, Andrew W. Roberston, and David Waldstreicher, eds., Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2004), 207–250. 6. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger (Cambridge, Mass., 1989); Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a DiscourseTheory of Lawand Democracy, trans.William Rehg (1992; Cambridge, Mass., 1996). For analysis, see Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); Jean L. Cohen and Andrew Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory (Cambridge, Mass., 1992); John Ehrenberg, Civil Society: The Critical History of an Idea (New York, 1999), 219–224; Luke Goode, Jürgen Habermas: Democracy and the Public Sphere (London, 2005). My commentary can be found in John L. Brooke, “Reason and Passion in the Public Sphere: Habermas and the Cultural Historians,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, XXIX (1998–1999), 43–67, and “Consent,Civil Society, and the Public Sphere,” in Pasley, Robertson , and Waldstreicher, eds., Beyond the Founders, 207–250. 7. Since the 1980s a growing new literature has begun to sketch the history of the emerging public sphere, around the early modern Atlantic world in particular, but in recent world history in general as well. See Johann N. Neem, Creating a Nation of Joiners: Democracy and Civil Society in Early National Massachusetts (Cambridge, Mass., 2008); Peter Lake and Steven Pincus , eds., The Politics of the Public Sphere in Early Modern England (Manchester, 2007); Tim Blanning, The Pursuit of Glory: The Five Revolutions That Made Modern Europe, 1648–1815 (London , 2007); Albrecht Koschnik, “Let a Common Interest Bind UsTogether”: Associations, Partisan- 492 ) Notes to Page 6 ship, and Culture in Philadelphia, 1775–1840 (Charlottesville, Va., 2007); Paul Starr, The Creation of the Media: The Political Origins of Modern Communications (New York, 2004); Kathleen D. McCarthy, American Creed: Philanthropyand the Rise of Civil Society, 1700–1865 (Chicago, 2003); Hannah Barkerand Simon Burrows, eds., Press, Politics, and the Public Sphere in Europe and North America, 1760–1820 (NewYork, 2002); Jeffrey L. Pasley, “TheTyranny of Printers”: Newpaper Politics in the Early American Republic (Charlottesville,Va., 2001); James Van Horn Melton, The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe (NewYork, 2001); David Zaret,Origins of Democratic Culture : Printing, Petitions, and the Public Sphere in Early-Modern England (Princeton, N.J., 2000); Jeffrey L. McNairn, The Capacity to Judge: Public Opinion and Deliberative Democracy in Upper Canada, 1791–1854 (Toronto, 2000); Victor M. Uribe-Uran, Honorable Lives: Lawyers, Family, and Politics in Colombia, 1780–1850 (Pittsburgh, 2000); Uribe-Uran, “The Birth of a Public Sphere in Latin America during the Age of Revolution,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, XLII (2000), 425–457; John L. Brooke, “To Be ‘Read by the Whole People’: Press, Party, and Public Sphere in the United States, 1790–1840,” American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, CX (2000), 41–118; Victor M. Pérez-Díaz, Return of Civil Society: The Emergence of Democratic Spain (Cambridge, Mass., 1993); David S. Shields, Civil Tongues and Polite Letters in British America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997); David Waldstreicher, In the Midst of Perpetual Fetes: The Making of American Nationalism, 1776–1820 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1997); Mary P. Ryan, Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American...

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