Waiting On Washington: Central American Workers in the Nation's Capital

Notes

Notes Chapter One 1. As much as 20 percent of the population ofEI Salvador, or one million people, may have migrated to the United States in the 1980s, according to Montes Mozo and Vasquez (1988). Figures on the number of Central Americans in Washington vary greatly because of the large number of recent and undocumented immigrants among them. The Washington Post reported in 1987 that an estimated 80,000 Salvadorans lived in the District of Columbia and that up to 100,000 more resided in the surrounding suburbs (Pressley 1987). At its annual Festival of American Folklife in 1988, the Smithsonian Institution's scholars also estimated that approximately 200,000 Salvadorans resided in the metropolitan area. Preliminary 1990 census figures place the number of Hispanicorigin individuals in the Washington area at 230,000. But social service agency representatives say that many undocumented individuals remain uncounted because they were reluctant to respond to the census. 2. On the Central American migration to Los Angeles and other cities, see Donato 1992; Hamilton and Chinchilla 1991; Wallace 1986. On the migration to Washington, D.C., see Cohen 1980 and Repak 1990, 1994a. 3. See the Appendix for a more complete description of the methodology . 4. These are life histories of actual individuals, but their names have been changed to protect their privacy. 5. Only three countries in the world, the United States, Israel, and Argentina, attract more women than men as immigrants. See United 204 Notes to Chapter Two Nations 1979. It is estimated that about 10 million women have moved from rural to urban areas throughout Latin America since the midseventies . Approximately 8.5 million men have done the same. See Seager and Olson 1986; Orlansky and Dubrovsky 1978. 6. From Fernandez-Kelly and Portes 1988. See also Portes 1978a; Portes and Bach 1985; Wood 1982. 7. Sassen-Koob 1986:1160. 8. Cornelius 1988; Fernandez-Kelly 1983; Fernandez-Kelly and Garcia 1988; Massey et al. 1987; Sassen-Koob 1986. 9. Donato 1992:166. 10. On Irish migration, see Diner 1983; on Jamaican migration, see Foner 1986. 11. See Bonacich 1976; Castells 1975; Piore 1979; Portes and Bach 1985. 12. See Anderson 1974; Lomnitz 1977; MacDonald and MacDonald 1974; Massey et al. 1987; Mines 1984; Tienda 1983; Tilly 1978. 13. Hondagneu 1990:9. 14. Borjas 1982; Chiswick 1978; Mincer 1970; Reimers 1985; Schulz 1961. 15. Borjas 1987; Cornelius 1988; Portes and Bach 1980; Tienda 1983. 16. Bonacich 1976; Edwards et al. 1975; Piore 1979; Portes and Bach 1985. 17. Concerning the New York Chinatown study, see Zhou and Logan 1989; on the larger study comparing Anglo and Hispanic-origin women, see Tienda and Guhleman 1985. 18. Bach 1985; Hamilton and Chinchilla 1991; Zolberg, Surke, and Aguayo 1986. 19. See Barker and Pianin 1988:A-21. 20. See Portes and Rumbaut 1990; Portes and Bach 1985. 21. Foner 1986. 22. See Grasmuck and Pessar 1991; Hondagneu-Sotelo 1992. 23. Fernandez-Kelly 1983; Grasmuck and Pessar 1991; HondagneuSotelo 1992; Pessar 1986. Chapter Two 1. See Hamilton and Chinchilla 1991; Montes Mozo and Vasquez 1988; Ruggles and Fix 1985. Notes to Chapter Two 205 2. See Bach 1985; Bonacich and Cheng 1984; Hamilton and Chinchilla 1991; Portes 1983; Portes and Bach 1985. 3. See Hamilton and Chinchilla 1991; U.S. GAO 1989. 4. See Browning 1971; Bulmer-Thomas 1987; Hamilton and Chinchilla 1991; Woodward 1985. 5. A hectare is roughly equivalent to 2.47 acres. See Jung 1984. 6. The effect was so profound that Robert Williams described cotton production as a major force in the deterioration of the peasant family (Williams 1986:70). A plethora of works in recent decades has described the different and often adverse effects of capitalist development on women as opposed to men in third-world countries. See Hafkin and Bay 1976; Fernandez-Kelly 1983; Orlansky and Dubrovsky 1978; Safa 1979. 7. Orlansky and Dubrovsky 1978:9. 8. Nieves 1979:139. 9. See Nieves 1979; Thomson 1986:34. 10. Between 1950 and 1961, 73 percent of all migrants moved to cities in El Salvador, 41 percent to San Salvador alone. See Hamilton and Chinchilla 1991; Nieves 1979; Orlansky and Dubrovsky 1978; Thomson 1986. 11. The expulsion orders ostensibly grew out of border disputes and trade rivalry between the two countries as Honduras became increasingly indebted to El Salvador. But the presence of 300,000 Salvadoran settlers in Honduran territory exacerbated tensions when economic troubles deepened, and Honduras expropriated the...