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Notes CHAPTER ONE: The Style of Solidarity I. Jacek Kuron and Karol Modzelewski, "An Open Letter to the Party," in Revolutionary Marxist Students in Poland Speak Out (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1972), p. 68. 2. Daniel Cohn-Bendit and Gabriel Cohn-Bendit, Obsolete Communism: The Left Wing Alternative (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968). 3. Conversation between Dany Cohn-Bendit and Adam Michnik, published under the title "Pewien polski etos ..." [A certain Polish ethos], in Kontakt (Paris) Nos. 74-75, July-August 1988, p. 54. 4. This description is based largely on conversations and personal observation . Some information on this generation's attitudes can be found in Anna Wyka, "On Some Avant-Garde and Alternative Milieux in Poland," in Polish Sociological Bulletin (Warsaw) No. I, 1981. A wonderful Polish film Kung Fu, made by Janusz Kijowski in 1979, also deals with the values of the generation of 1968, and particularly of those who tried, with varying degrees of success, to fit into the system in the 1970s. A recent attempt to deal with Polish values as "postmaterialist" can be seen in Ronald Inglehart and Renata Siemanski, "Changing Values and Political Dissatisfaction in Poland and the West," in Government and Opposition (London) 23:4, Autumn 1988. 5. George Konrad, Antipolitics (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), p. 199· 6. Hannah Arendt, "What Is Freedom?" in Between Past and Future (New York: Penguin Books, 1977), p. 146. 7. Hannah Arendt, "Communicative Power," ibid.; and Jiirgen Habermas, "Hannah Arendt's Communications Concept of Power," in Steven Lukes, ed., Power (New York: New York University Press, 1986). 8. Bernard Crick, In Defence of Politics, 2d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), pp. 15, 20. 9. See also A. J. Polan, Lenin and the End ofPolitics (Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press, 1984), pp. 1-5; and Zygmunt Bauman, "On the Maturation of Socialism," in Telos (New York) No. 47, Spring 1981. 10. Crick, In Defence ofPolitics, p. 20. II. Timothy Garton Ash, The Polish Revolution (New York: Scribners, 1983), p. 307. Instead of "manipUlating the Polish revolution until it fits our 223 224 / Notes to Pages 7-13 existing categories," Ash continues, "we might do better to adjust ourcategories until they fit the Polish revolution." 12. This charge was first raised in 1982 and 1983 by the conservative, rightwing underground journals Niepodleglosc [Independence] and Polityka Polska [Polish politics]. Andrzej Walicki, the prominent historian of political theory, developed the idea in his influential "Mysli 0 sytuacji politycznej i moralnopyschologicznej w Polsce" [Thoughts on the political and moral-psychological situation in Poland], in Aneks (London) No. 35, 1984. The veteran journalist Stefan Kisielewski concurred: "0 falszywych slowach i falszywych nadziejach " [False words and false hopes], in Aneks No. 36, 1984. The columnist Piotr Wierzbicki continued this train of thought in a very influential text, Mysli staroswieckiego Polaka [Thoughts of an old-fashioned Pole], published underground in Poland in 1985, and reprinted by PuIs Publications, London, in 1985. These ideas will be discussed more fully in Chapter Seven. 13. The story of the internal struggles, manifested quite openly in the pages of local union newspapers, has still not been written up adequately in any publication, in Polish or English. Gdansk was also the center of fierce internal struggle, in 1980-1981 as well as afterward. These conflicts were often rooted in differences as personal as they were political. 14. Ryszard Kapuscinski, "Notatki z Wybrzeza" [Notes from the coast], in Kultura (Warsaw), September 14, 1980; reprinted in GraZyna Pomian, Polska Solidarnosci [Solidarity's Poland] (Paris: Instytut Literacki, 1982), p. 76. This and all other translations from Polish-language sources are mine, unless noted otherwise. 15· Ibid., p. 75. 16. Ibid., p. 77. 17. George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia (Boston: Beacon Press, 1952), PP·4-6. 18. Cohn-Bendit and Cohn-Bendit, Obsolete Communism, p. 80. 19. This view is quite widespread among left critics of the state socialist system. See, for example, Jean-Paul Sartre's essay "The Socialism That Came in from the Cold," in Antonin Liehm, ed., The Politics ofCulture (New York: Grove Press, 1970). The same point is suggested by Milan Simecka in The Restoration ofOrder: The Normalization ofCzechoslovakia 1969-76 (London: Verso, 1984). 20. S. Zelazny, "Lewica-kryzyz tozsamosci" [The left-A crisis of identity], in Krytyka [Critique] (Warsaw) No. 18, 1984. 21. Personal conversations with Wyszkowski in Warsaw, December 1982 and July 1984. 22. Wal~sa first read about the new union movement in Robotnik Wybrzeia [The coastal worker], which was edited by KOR activists...

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