Questioning Nineteenth-Century Assumptions about Knowledge, II: Reductionism

INDEX [Includes Back Cover]

193 I N D E X Abstraction, 12, 13; objectification of, 13; problems of, 17; unavoidability of, 17 Actions: costs/benefits of consequences of, 143; evaluation of, 143; practical character of, 27; rationalized model, 27 Actors: as agents with only physical powers, 26–28; apathetic, 26–28 Actualism: reduction of causation to interaction in, 11 Aesthetics: transcendental, 131 Agency: conflated with structure, 36n5; dualism of, 52; epiphenomenal, 36n5; human, 96; insistence on, 51; intentional, 96; promotion/limitation by culture, 38n22; structure and, 2, 27 Aggregation, 48 Alexander, Samuel, 60, 80, 84n7 Altruism, reciprocal, 163 Ambiguity, 95 Anthropology, 6, 19, 24 Anti-constructivism, 137–141 Anti-essentialism, 2, 23–26, 35 Anti-naturalism, 26 Anti-reductionism, 2, 5, 12, 113 Archer, Margaret, 10, 22, 23, 31, 37n13 Aristotle, 69, 185 Association field, 122, 123fig Asymmetry, 42; forms of, 42; intervention and, 18; realism and, 55; relationships and, 22; in stratification, 15, 16 Atomism, 16, 34, 36n4, 51, 83, 84n7; mechanistic, 139 Attachments, 27 Autonomy, 91, 93; causal, 17; empirical, 109; in higher order mechanisms, 17; theoretical, 109 Autopoiesis, 59, 67, 68, 79, 84n4, 91 Axelrod, Robert, 143, 162, 163 Bahavioralism, 5 Bayle, Pierre, 137 Behavior: action reduced to, 26; alternatives, 66; collective, 48, 156; complex, 64, 183; critical, 110; emergent structures of, 48; explanations of, 6; of neurons, 63; pathological, 7; physical, 10; renormalization group and, 110; social, 6, 9; social determinants of, 33 Being, stratified, 16 Beliefs: as function of material circumstances, 6; subjective, 30 Bénard cells, 75, 77 Bentham, Jeremy, 142 Bereavement, 27 Bergman, Aviv, 4, 44, 54, 55, 90, 92, 94, 95, 101, 104, 165, 173–176, 177, 179, 180 Berkeley, George, 140 Bhaskar, Roy, 10, 12, 13, 36n8 194 Bishop, Robert, 71, 75 “Blank-slateism,” 24 Block, Ned, 111 Bodin, Jean, 137 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 137 Bosking, William, 122 Boundaries, 2; broaching, 54; changes in, 47, 55; clear, 47; complexity and, 48; constructionism and, 54; disciplinary, 9, 45; enabling, 55; evolution of, 55; as ingrained characteristic, 92; levels and, 44, 45; malleability of, 92; in natural phenomena, 54, 55; in nature, 44; organizational, 2, 46, 47; origin of, 46; place of, 55; revisions of, 54; of self, 92; semipermeable membrane, 67; setting, 48; spatial terms, 55; topological, 67; transgressing, 169; unfixed, 55 Bourdieu, Pierre, 9, 23, 24, 27, 28, 36n5 Brain, 3; as dynamic neuronal network, 63, 64; endogenous activity in, 62, 63; hierarchy of processing levels in, 62; localization and, 63, 65; modular view of, 65; as nondecomposable system, 63, 64; organization of, 62; principle of reciprocity and, 62 Braudel, Fernand, 180, 183 Bressloff, Paul, 117, 133 Broad, C.D., 60, 84n7 Campbell, Donald, 65 Capitalism, 6 Caraça, João, 48, 95, 171 Care, 27, 28 Cartwright, Nancy, 83 Catallaxy, 142 Catalysis, 66, 67, 84n4 Cathexis, 38n22 Causal Inheritance Principle, 77, 81, 82 Causality: attempts to reject, 36n3; Causal Inheritance Principle in, 77, 81, 82; circular, 2, 74, 101; critical realism and, 10–13; dependence on context, 26; downward, 2, 68, 73–83; failure to reproduce, 26; mechanisms of, 13, 49; mental-to-physical, 77; misattributions of, 6; not unilatereal process, 11; Physical Realization Principle in, 77, 81, 82; powers existing even though not exercised in, 11; Principle of the Causal Closure of the Physical Domain in, 77; as production of change, 10; reduced to interaction, 11; successionist theory of, 10; synchronic reflexive downware, 74, 75; transformative relationships and, 12 Chalmers, David, 111 Change: in boundaries, 47; environmental, 59; in knowledge, 47; linguistic, 53; material, 19; in natural environment, 20; production of, 10, 11, 12, 15, 25; qualitative, 110; resistance to, 92; of rules, 103; slow, 92; stability and, 110; in susceptibilities of individuals, 15; by taking advantage of lower stratum properties, 19; through interaction, 14; unintelligibility of, 110 Charles V (King of Spain), 137 Cilliers, Paul, 41, 42, 44, 50, 51, 55, 92, 96, 98, 99, 101, 105, 169, 183 Cliometrics, 180 Closure: causal, 93; physical, 93 Co-emergence, 73; dyamics of, 91 Co-evolution, 19, 23, 25, 168; complex, 26; in socialization, 26 195 Commitments, 27 Common sense, 3, 141, 149, 160, 161 Communication: of dense patterns, 97; emergence of complexity and, 4; emergence of new meaning and, 95; enabling, 55; non-verbal, 99; rules of, 136 Communism, 139 Complexity, 171; abstract, formal rules and, 136, 137; boundaries and, 48; conjecture on, 172; constraints and, 105; emergence of, 4, 174; endogenous, 136; as...