Why Mars: NASA and the Politics of Space Exploration

Notes

Notes Introduction 1. Jeffery Kluger, “Live from Mars,” Time, Aug. 20, 2012, 20–25; “This Is What NASA Should Be Doing,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, Aug. 13, 2012, 58; “Bullseye ,” Space News, Aug. 13, 2012, 26. 2. The White House, “National Space Policy,” Sept. 19, 1996, www.fas.org/spp/mili tary/docops/national/nstc-8.htm. 3. John Grotzinger, “Beyond Water on Mars,” Nature Geoscience, Apr. 2009, 1. 4. World Book Encyclopedia, vol. 13 (Chicago: World Book, 1984), s.v. “Mars,” 180– 182b. 5. Grotzinger, “Beyond Water on Mars.” 6. Marcia Smith, “NASA Officials Cheer $17.7 Billion Request for FY2013,” Feb. 14, 2012, www.spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-officials-cheer-17–7-billion-requestfor -FY2013. 7. Charles Bolden, “NASA Recharting Its Path to Mars,” Space News, Feb. 20, 2012, 17. 8. NASA spoke of the second decade of the twenty-first century as constituting a “Robust Multi-Year Mars Program” that would combine existing missions and propose new missions for the decade, culminating in the 2020 rover. “NASA Announces Robust Multi-Year Mars Program; New Rover to Close Out Decade of New Missions,” NASA News Release, Dec. 4, 2012, www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/dec/HQ_12–420_ Mars_2020.html. 9. Paul Sabatier and Hank Jenkins-Smith, “The Advocacy Coalition Framework: An Assessment,” in Paul Sabatier, ed., Theories of the Policy Process (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999), 117–166. 10. James Webb, SpaceAge Management:The Large-ScaleApproach (New York: McGrawHill , 1969), 135–136. 11. James L. True, Bryan Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner, “Punctuated-Equilibrium Theory: Explaining Stability and Change in American Policymaking,” in Sabatier, Theories of the Policy Process. 12. Leonard David, “NASA Group Eyes 2011 for Mars Mission,” Space News, Aug. 28–Sept. 1, 1998, 3. 13. The term “exploring machines” is used in Oran Nicks, Far Traveler: The Exploring Machines (Washington, DC: NASA, SP-480, 1985). 276 Notes to Pages 17–29 chapter one: The Call of Mars 1. Cited by Malcolm Walter, The Search for Life on Mars (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 1999), 97. 2. Bruce Murray, Journey into Space: The First Three Decades of Space Exploration (New York: Norton, 1988), 32. 3. Amy Paige Snyder, “NASA and Planetary Exploration,” in John Logsdon, ed., Exploring the Unknown, vol. 5 (Washington, DC: NASA, 2001), 263–266. 4. Roger Launius and Howard McCurdy, Robots in Space (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 64–65. 5. David Portree, Humans to Mars (Washington, DC: NASA, 2001), 1–3. 6. Steven Dick, “50 Years of NASA History,” in Rhonda Carpenter and Ana Lopez, eds., NASA: 50 Years of Exploration and Discovery (Tampa, FL: Faircount Media Group, 2008), 31. 7. Eileen Galloway, “Sputnik and the Creation of NASA: A Personal Perspective,” in Carpenter and Lopez, NASA, 48. 8. Roger Launius, “Leaders, Visionaries, and Designers,” in Carpenter and Lopez, NASA, 258. 9. Homer Newell, Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Science (Washington, DC: NASA, 1980), 100. 10. Steven Dick and James Strick, The Living Universe: NASA and the Development of Astrobiology (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004), 18. 11. Homer Newell, interview by Edward C. Ezell, Oral History, May 25, 1977, NASA History Office Files. 12. Edward Goldstein, “NASA’s Planet Quest,” in Faircount Media Group, NASA, 129. 13. Newell, Beyond the Atmosphere, 261. 14. Ibid., 262. See also Douglas Mudgway, William Pickering: America’s Deep Space Pioneer (Washington, DC: NASA, 2007). 15. Newell, Beyond the Atmosphere, 260–266. chapter two: Beginning the Quest 1. A. J. S. Rayl, “NASA Engineers and Scientists: Transforming Dreams into Reality,” in Rhonda Carpenter and Ana Lopez, eds., NASA: 50 Years of Exploration and Discovery (Tampa, FL: Faircount Media Group, 2008), 271. 2. Ibid., 274. 3. Edward Ezell and Linda Ezell, On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet, 1958–1978 (Washington, DC: NASA, 1984), 34. 4. Ibid. 5. Asif Siddiqi, Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race (Washington, DC: NASA, 2000), 337. 6. Robert Reeves, The Superpower Space Race (New York: Plenum, 1994), 314. 7. Ibid., 318. 8. W. Henry Lambright, Powering Apollo: James E. Webb of NASA (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995). 9. John F. Kennedy, “Message to Congress, May 25, 1961,” Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jan. 20–Dec. 31, 1961 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1962), 404. Notes to Pages 30–40 277 10. Homer Newell, Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Science (Washington, DC: NASA, 1980), 113. 11...