Marrow of Tragedy: The Health Crisis of the American Civil War

Notes

N O T E S Abbreviations CSMSJ Confederate States Medical and Surgical Journal, 1864–65, reprinted with an introduction by William D. Sharpe (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1976). Duke SC David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University , Durham, NC. MOC Eleanor S. Brockenbrough Archives, Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, VA. MSHW Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion (1861–1865), 12 vols. and 3 index vols. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1870–1883; facsimile repr., Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot, 1990). Volumes 1–6 of this reprint reproduce volume 1 (medical) in the original; volumes 7–12 reproduce volume 2 (surgical). As the reprint is a facsimile, it reproduces the original page numbers exactly. Hence the original volume 1, which spanned pages 1–966, is spread out over the first six volumes of the reproduction , with the same page numbers. The exact translation for citations of this source can be found in the reproduction index, 1:xv. I have used the reproduction volume numbers throughout. NARA National Archives and Records Administration. All NARA documents reviewed for this book are located at the National Archives building on the Mall in Washington, DC. NYPL Manuscripts and Archives Division, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations , New York Public Library, New York. OR The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901), series I, 1–53; series II, 1–8; series III, 1–5; series IV, 1–4. Now available and searchable online at Making of America, http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/moa/browse .monographs/waro.html. These volumes consist of the reproduction of various official documents saved from the war and reprinted together in the 1880s and 1890s. SCSA South Carolina State Archives, Columbia, SC. UNC SHC Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill. USSC Micro- Microfilmed collection of the United States Sanitary Commission film Papers Records, series 1, Medical Committee Archives, 1861–1865 (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1998). The originals are held in the Manuscripts and Archives Division, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations, New York Public Library, New York. Cited by reel and frame numbers; the images on each reel are numbered sequentially. 314 Notes to Pages 1–6 Introduction • Call and Response 1. For the latest estimate of Civil War dead, see J. David Hacker, “A Census-Based Account of the Civil War Dead,” Civil War History 57 (2011): 307–48. Hacker puts the military death count at over seven hundred thousand; here I’ve added estimates of the deaths of freed people and slaves from war-related violence and disease. See Jim Downs, Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012). 2. Nina Silber, Gender and the Sectional Conflict: The Steven Brose Lectures in the Civil War Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), xii. Silber in turn refers to LeeAnn Whites, “The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender,” in Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, ed. Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 3–21. Silber’s 2008 volume, especially in the notes to the preface, is a good source for works on gender and the Civil War. See also Lyde Cullen Sizer’s review article “Mapping the Spaces of Women’s Civil War History,” Journal of the Civil War Era 1 (2011): 536–48. 3. Walt Whitman, “The Real War Will Never Get in the Books,” Specimen Days, in his Prose Works (Philadelphia: David McKay, 1892), facsimile reproduction at Bartleby.com, www.bartleby.com/229/1101.html (accessed July 11, 2012). 4. Margaret Mitchell, Gone with the Wind (New York: Scribner, 1936), 109. 5. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (New York: Viking, 2011), 183. 6. Lorien Foote, The Gentlemen and the Roughs: Manhood, Honor, and Violence in the Union Army (New York: New York University Press, 2010); for the southern perspective, see Stephen W. Berry II, All That Makes a Man: Love and Ambition in the Civil War South (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). 7. Lynn Hunt describes the history of the ideal of human rights in her Inventing Human Rights: A History (New York: Norton, 2007), although she does not consider the American Civil War in her discussion. 8. David W. Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001). 9...