Plague, Fear, and Politics in San Francisco's Chinatown

Notes

Notes Abbreviations BHM Bulletin of the History of Medicine CSJM California State Journal of Medicine CSYP Chung Sai Yat Po JAMA Journal of the American Medical Association OMT Occidental Medical Times RPHS Central Files, 1897–1923, Records of the Public Health Service, Record Group 90, National Archives, College Park, MD Introduction 1. See Philip Alcabes, Dread: How Fear and Fantasy Have Fueled Epidemics from the Black Death to the Avian Flu (New York: Public Affairs, 2009). 2. For primary sources, consult the virtual archive The Chinese in California: 1850–1925, including documents assembled by the University of California, Berkeley, and the California Historical Society in 2003, www.oac.cdlib.org. 3. See Kyle Ward, Not Written in Stone: Learning and Unlearning American History through 200 Years of Textbooks (New York: New Press, 2010). 4. Sucheng Chan, “Chinese American Historiography: What Difference Has the Asian American Movement Made?” in Chinese Americans and their Politics of Race and Culture, ed. S. Chan and M. Y. Hsu (Philadelphia: Temple Univ. Press, 2008), 1–61. 5. See American Historical Association, “Conversation on Transnational History,” American Historical Review 111 (Dec. 2006): 1441–63. 6. Peter Baehr, “Social Extremity, Communities of Fate, and the Sociology of SARS,” European Journal of Sociology 46 (2005): 179–211. 7. Yong Chen, Chinese San Francisco, 1850–1943: A Transpacific Community (Stanford , CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 2000), 1–10. 8. Peter Kwong and Dusanka Miscevic, Chinese America: The Untold Story of America’s Oldest New Community (New York: New Press, 2005), 95–134. 9. Madeline Yuan-yin Hsu, Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882–1943 (Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 2000), 1–15. 300 Notes to Pages 2–5 10. This pejorative term was widely employed for framing exclusionary policies because it characterized individuals as temporary visitors unwilling to assimilate into American culture; Kwong and Miscevic, Chinese America, 97. 11. The social control model was inspired by the writings of Michel Foucault. See, for example, his Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage, 1995), 195–228. 12. See Christopher Bassford, “Clausewitz and His Works,” Apr. 20, 2002, www .clausewitz.com/readings/Bassford/Cworks/Works.htm, and his book Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press), 1994. 13. See essays in Contagion: Historical and Cultural Studies, ed. Alison Bashford and Claire Hooker (London: Routledge, 2001). 14. “Airs, Waters, and Places,” in Hippocratic Writings, ed. G. E. R. Lloyd, trans. J. Chadwick and W. N. Mann (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1978), 162–67. 15. See Audrey Smeley, Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2007), 161–76. See also Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1976). 16. Quoted in Nell I. Painter, The History of White People (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 43–44. Bernier (1625–88), the writer in question, was a graduate of Montpelier. 17. Ivan Hannaford, Race: The History of an Idea in the West (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1996), 5. A comprehensive treatment of the subject published after the completion of this book is Michael Keevak, Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 2011). 18. Johann F. Blumenbach (1752–1840) was professor at the University of Göttingen . His book on the natural variety of humankind was originally published in Latin in 1775. The last version of 1795 is available in English translation as The Anthropological Treatises of Johann F. Blumenbach (London: Longman, Green, Roberts, and Green, 1865). 19. The colleague was Christoph Meiners (1747–1811), who also taught at Göttingen . In 1811, his Examinations Concerning the Differences of Human Natures was published posthumously. See Frank W. P. Dougherty, “Christoph Meiners and Johann F. Blumenbach im Streit um den Begriff der Menschenrasse,” in Die Natur der Menschen : Problem der physischen Anthropologie und Rassenkunde (1750–1850), ed. G. Mann, J. Benedum, and W. Kümmel (Stuttgart: G. Fischer, 1990), 89–111. 20. See Loring C. Brace, “Race” Is a Four-Letter Word: The Genesis of the Concept (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2005), 44–47. 21. Nell I. Painter, “Why White People Are Called Caucasian” (paper delivered at Collective Degradation: Slavery and the Construction of Race, Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition Fifth International Conference , Yale University, New Haven...