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Index
Abrahamson, James, 150
Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES), 116–118
Aeronautics and Astronautics (journal), 69
affirmative action, 87, 88, 89, 91, 96
Aikens, Mary, 65
Air Force Undergraduate Pilot Training Program, 14
Air Research and Development Command (ARDC), 46, 48
Aldrin, Edwin “Buzz,” 92
Amazing Stories (periodical), 24
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), 149
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 68
American Psychological Association, 49
Ames Research Center, NASA, 79–80, 85
Anne Howe (character), 26
Apollo program, 37, 54, 55, 61, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 84, 171n31, 174n2
Apollo 11, 53, 69, 77, 92, 95, 174n2
“Armageddon 2419 A.D.” (Nowlan), 24
Armstrong, Neil A., 53, 69, 92
ASCANS (astronaut candidates), 2, 8, 87, 93, 127, 155, 181n37, 181n42
training of, 94–98, 102, 144, 146
Association of Collegiate Alumnae, 190n3
astronaut classes. See specific group numbers
Astronaut Office, 84, 94, 97, 98, 131, 136, 137
on crew assignments, 139
on pregnancy, 139
astronauts. See male astronauts; mission specialists; pilot-astronauts; scientist-astronauts
women astronauts
Atkinson, Joseph D., Jr., 52
Auñon, Serena, 186n4
Avon Fantasy Reader (periodical), 27
Baker, Ellen, 130
Barbarella: Queen of the Galaxy (film), 39–40
Berman, Rick, 41
Beverly Crusher (character), 41
birth control, 31, 34, 138, 139, 140
Boston Globe, 64
Boston Herald, 58
Bradbury, Ray, 24
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 70
Buck Rogers (character), 24, 45
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (comic strip), 23, 24–25, 27, 33, 39, 167n15
Burdekin, Katherine, 44
Burke, M. E., 99
Bursch, Dan, 148
“Cage, The” (Star Trek episode), 36–38, 44, 45
Cagle, Myrtle “K,” 169n1
Cagle, Yvonne, 186n4
Caldwell Dyson, Tracy, 116
Calkins, Dick, 24
Campbell, John W., 27
Campion, Ed, 141
Carpenter, Scott, 60
Center of Science and Industry (COSI), 147
Chandler, Doris, 85
Chapel, Christine (character), 38–39, 169n50
Chawla, Kalpana, 117
Chekov, Pavel (character), 38
Christian Science Monitor, 95
Civil Aeronautics Authority, 48
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 3, 19, 20, 70, 72, 101, 175n20
Civil Rights Commission, 175n19
civil rights movement, 4, 19–20, 37, 69–70, 161n6
Clark, Jon, on women astronauts, 156–157
Clark, Kathryn, 131
Clark, Laurel, 186n4
Clarke, Arthur C., 32, 34, 35, 36, 45
Cleave, Mary, 112
Clinton, Bill, 173n67
CNN, 129
Cobb, Geraldine “Jerrie,” 10, 21, 46, 47, 52, 56–57, 61, 169n1, 170n23, 171n37, 173n70
autobiography of, 47
congressional testimony by, 57, 59
as NASA consultant, 63
Cochran, Jacqueline “Jackie,” 48, 51, 59, 60, 170n9
Cohen, Aaron, 110
Collins, Eileen M., 14, 23, 42, 47, 134–35
as “first woman,” 155
selection of, 154–155
as shuttle pilot, 155
Columbia, 99, 111, 135, 153, 155
Cousteau, Jacques, 83
Creighton, John, 104
Crosby, Denise, 41
cultural attitudes, about men, 28, 34, 35, 50, 64, 65
cultural attitudes, about women, 7, 10, 11, 28–29, 31–32, 35, 38, 39, 41, 43–44, 45, 56, 64, 71
as astronauts, 2, 4, 5, 6, 57–59, 61, 64–65, 80–81, 88, 107, 133
as feminists, 145
as heroes, 152
in the military, 11–13, 14, 61
within NASA, 99, 101–102, 104, 105, 135, 158
as professionals, 75–76, 165n37
and sex, 69
in space, 47, 49–50, 55–56, 65, 79–80, 80–81, 134
in the workplace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8–9, 15, 16, 17, 18–19, 21, 24, 38, 60, 70, 75–76, 79, 152
Data (character), 43
Dax, Jadzia (character), 42
Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (DACOWITS), 11–12, 16, 20
Dernière Mission, La (Kohler), 140
discrimination, 35, 37, 38, 44, 51–55, 57, 58, 59, 63, 64, 70, 74, 76, 86, 100, 136, 154, 167n15
Disposable Absorption Containment Trunk (DACT), 126–127
diversity, 39
Dryden, Hugh, 51
Dryden Flight Research Center, NASA, 99
Duff, Brian, 144
Dunbar, Bonnie, 112
Durand, Durand (character), 39
Earth Resource Technology Satellite (ERTS), 84, 178n80
educator mission specialist, 8
Edwards Air Force Base, 99
Ehrlichman, John, 77
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 11, 16, 50–51, 166n50, 173n67
End of This Day’s Business, The (Burdekin), 44
Enterprise (ship), 37, 38, 39, 41
Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 4, 20, 21, 33, 72, 74, 76, 78, 89, 91, 101, 106, 153
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 70
equality. See sexual equality
Equal Pay Act, 166n53
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 12, 143
Executive Order 10980, 71
Executive Order 11246, 71
Executive Order 12640, 175n29
extravehicular activity (EVA). See spacewalking
Fabian, John, 104
Family Weekly, 143
Federal Women’s Program, 72
Fellow Lady Astronaut Trainees (FLATs), 52, 53, 55, 56–57, 63, 65, 69, 153, 172n44, 173n75
as guests of Collins, 155
Female Urine Incontinence Collection Apparatus (FEMUICA), 125–126
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 4, 38, 56
feminism, 34, 38, 145, 146, 149, 151, 152
reaction to, 106–107
“Feminist Cause Not a Factor” (article), 145
Finn, Terence, 125–126
marriage of, 95
as role model, 144
selection of, 95
on space suits, 115
Fisher, Bill, 95
Fletcher, James, 77–79, 82–83, 88–89, 100, 135, 154, 177n57, 177n64
Fonda, Jane, 39
Forest, Jean-Claude, 40
Franke, Linda Bird, 11
Frosch, Robert A., 87
Fulton, James G., 59
Garn, Jake, 134
Garneau, Marc, 111
Gemini VIII, 69
gender, 9, 11, 13, 24, 28, 35, 42, 45, 56, 57, 103, 151, 152, 159, 168n41
definition of, 4
General Electric, 120
General Purpose Laboratory (GPL), 85
Gibson, Paul Seddon, 1–2
Gibson, Robert “Hoot,” 2
on flight assignments, 136
and marriage to Seddon, 2, 92, 158
on women astronauts, 135
Gilbreth, Lillian, 19
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 30
Girl Scouts of America, 9–10, 147
Glenn, John, 47, 60, 65, 130, 134
congressional testimony by, 69
Glennan, T. Keith, 51
Goddard Space Flight Center, 73, 75
Godwin, Linda, 115
Goodman, Ellen, 145
Gorelick, Sarah (Ratley), 53, 169n1, 170–171n28
Great Depression, 6
Gregory, Frederick, 144
Griner, Carolyn, 85
Group VI, 55, 76, 89, 176n49, 180n33
Group VIII, 2, 4, 6, 107, 145, 154, 161n3
call for astronauts for, 89
first press conference with, 94
flight assignments for, 97
introduction of, 143
medical testing of, 156
recruitment of, 89–91
selection of, 92–94
as the “thirty-five new guys,” 88, 94, 95, 99, 104, 151
training of, 94–98
Group IX, 112
Group XIII, 154
Group XIX, 8
Hamilton Standard, 120
and suit design, 114–115
and toilet design, 118–119
Haraway, Donna, 166n51
Hart, Jane, 57, 59, 62, 169n1, 171n37, 173n70
Hawley, Steven, and marriage to Ride, 189n15
Heinlein, Robert A., 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 45
Helms, Susan, 115
Hernandez, Aileen, 70
Herring, Harvey, 83
Hess, Harry, 114
Hixson, Jean, 169n1
Homestead Air Force Base, 98
Honeycutt, Jay, 144
House Subcommittee on Science and Astronautics, 171n37, 173n70
Houston Post, 145
Hughes, H. Mervin, 72
Hughes-Fulford, Millie, 131
Hugo Award, 30
Huntoon, Carolyn Leach, 74–75, 75–76, 179n14
on astronaut psychological testing, 156
on astronaut selection committee, 90–91, 93
as center director, 130
on crew assignments, 158
on the media, 95
on medical testing of women, 130
as mentor, 100–102, 108, 155, 157
on sex and pregnancy, 141
on women astronauts, 100–101, 105
on women’s health, 139
Hurrle, Rhea (Woltman), 49, 169n1
Imaginary Lines (foundation), 147
industrial engineering, 161n5
inequality, paradox of, 6–7
integration, sexual, of astronaut corps, 3, 4, 5, 7, 69, 86, 87, 91, 101, 105, 129, 143, 157, 158, 159
intercourse, 7, 24, 26, 31, 32, 34, 40, 107, 139, 140–141, 157
Ivins, Marsha, 128
Janeway, Kathryn (character), 42
Jemison, Mae, 130
Jernigan, Tammy, 115
Jerrie Cobb, Solo Pilot (Cobb), 47
Jerrie Cobb Foundation, 47
Joe Palooka (character), 26
Johnson, E. G., 68
Johnson, Mary Helen, 85
Johnson Space Center (JSC), 61, 72, 74, 84, 87, 93, 94, 98, 101, 105, 112, 124, 155, 171n34
facilities at, 99
Juan Rico (character), 29
Jubal Harshaw (character), 31
Kaminski, Heinz, 173n71
Kantrowitz, Arthur, 50
Kennedy, John F., 55, 60, 71, 82, 173n67
Kennedy Space Center, NASA, 77, 98
Khrushchev, Nikita, 63
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 69
Kira Nerys (character), 42
Kirk, James T. (character), 38, 39
Kohler, Pierre, 140
Kraft, Christopher, 87, 88, 90, 93, 94–95, 100, 179n14
on women astronauts, 102–103
Ladies’ Home Journal (periodical), 57
Landsat. See Earth Resource Technology Satellite
Langley Research Center, NASA, 82
Launch/Entry Suit (LES), 116–118
Laura Ernst (character), 32, 33
Left Hand of Darkness, The (LeGuin), 34–35, 45
Leverton, Irene, 169n1, 170n23
Life Sciences Data Archive (LSDA), 130
Loewy/Snaith Corporation, 118
Logsdon, John, 77
Longitudinal Study of Astronaut Health (LSAH), 130
Look (periodical), 46
Lovelace, Alan, 87
Lovelace, W. Randolph, Jr., 46, 48–49, 57, 60, 154, 170n9, 170n28
Lovelace Foundation, 46
Low, George M., 59–60, 78, 82, 83–84, 85, 88–89, 100, 177n67
Lowell, Francis Cabot, 19
Lucid, Shannon W., 2, 104, 146
on astronaut selection, 95
as Congressional Space Medal of Honor winner, 148
on discrimination, 149
duration record of, 148
media coverage of, 148
“The Shannon Lucid Story,” 148
Macha, Sharon E., 72
male astronauts, 49–50
and urine collection, 121, 124, 127
Malkin, Myron, 120
Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) Program, U.S. Air Force, 55, 180n33
Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). See Johnson Space Center
“Man with the Power, The” (The Outer Limits episode), 171n41
Marshall, George C., 11
Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA, 85
Marston, William Moulton, 26, 34, 37
Marts, Sherry, 133
McAuliffe, Christa, 41
McBride, Jon, 111
McCall’s (periodical), 57
McCoy, Leonard “Bones” (character), 38
McFadden, Gates, 41
McGee, Anne, 12
McLucas, John, 14
menopause, 35–36
Mercury program, 52, 54, 59, 124, 127, 129, 172n44
Mercury Seven, 46, 53, 90, 95, 156, 170n23, 179n8
microgravity, 32, 85, 116, 125
and toilet design, 118–122
medical experiments on board, 137
Mission Control, 70, 75, 97, 154
mission specialists, 14, 87, 88, 94, 154, 179n5, 190n6
introduction of, 84
training of, 98
Motz, Beverly, 182n58
Mueller, George, 69
Mulgrew, Kate, 42
Musgrave, Story, 103
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 2, 23
as a federal agency, 62, 71, 76, 78, 108, 131, 139–140, 173n67
astronaut selection criteria of, 7, 8, 10, 14, 22, 48, 50–55, 60, 62, 68–69, 73, 76, 80, 88, 99, 165n35, 170n10, 171n31, 171n36
congressional investigation of, 58, 59–61, 69
Equal Opportunity Programs Office, 52, 71, 72, 85, 88
funding for, 177n67
hiring of minorities by, 4, 5, 70, 71–73, 74, 87–88, 91, 154
on intercourse, 140
mental health concerns at, 156
and public relations, 82–84, 94, 96, 130, 131, 134, 140, 144, 153
role of women at, 157
selection of women astronauts by, 2, 5, 21, 48, 49, 50–55, 59–60, 61–63, 69, 71, 72–73, 87–88, 89, 90–94, 177n64
Special Life Sciences Committee, 49
Standard 3000, 108–109, 112, 141
and testing of female subjects, 120, 125, 132
Natick Research Development and Engineering Center, U.S. Army, 13
National Academy of Sciences, 90, 114, 171n31, 171n34
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 50, 53, 59
National Aviation-Space Education Convention, 111
National Defense Education Act, 17
National Organization for Women, 177n64
National Research Council, 74
National Science Foundation, 19
National Space Biological Research Institute (NSBRI), 131–132, 135, 136, 137, 138, 188n51
National Women’s Party, 143
Naugle, John, 92
Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 73
Naval School of Aviation Medicine, 49
Nelson, Bill, 187n26
neoconservatism, 106
Newman, Robert, 87
and Women in Motion, Inc., 91
Nichols, Ruth, 46
Nicogossian, Arnauld, 129, 130, 133, 134, 138 19th Amendment, 143
Nixon, Richard M., 15, 76, 173n67
and support for shuttle, 77–78, 82, 89
Noah, Mary Ann, 64
Noonan, Raymond, 140
Northcutt, Frances Marian “Poppy,” 75
Nowak, Lisa, 156–157
Nowlan, Philip, 24
Number One (character), 37–38, 41–42, 44
Obama, Barack, 139
O’Brien, Brian, 82
Odo (character), 43
Office of Management and Budget, 76–77
Onizuka, Ellison, 178–179n2
Onufriyenko, Yuri, 148
Original Seven. See Mercury Seven
Orlando Sentinel, 65
Outer Limits, The (TV series), 171n41
Overmyer, Robert, 111
Paine, Thomas O., 77
Parazynski, Scott, 153
Parker, Jacqueline “Jackie” S., 165n35
Parry, Albert, 173n71
Paul, Alice, 143
Paul, Ron, 125
Peaks of Otter Lodge, 88–89
Peterson, Don, 103
Pillar, Michael, 41
pilot-astronauts, 10, 14, 78, 87, 90, 154, 176n49
pink-collar work, 29
Powers, John “Shorty,” 68
pregnancy, 1, 18, 31, 33–34, 35, 59, 136–138, 139–140, 150, 157
risks to, 137
Presidential Commission on Employment of People with Disabilities, 175n29
Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, 71
Presidential Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), 16
privacy, 63, 68, 69, 86, 98–99, 106, 108–111, 113–114, 119, 120, 122, 128, 131
of medical information, 139
psychological testing, 93
Puddy, Donald, 128
Puritanism, 107
race, 7, 27, 37, 66, 70–71, 167n15
Reagan, Ronald, 106
Rendezvous with Rama (Clarke), 32–34
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 82
Resnik, Judith A., 2, 146, 179n2
on feminism, 147
first flight of, 119
as role model, 145
and toilet, 123–124
Reynold, Irma, 64–65
Richey, Helen, 163n9
Ride, Sally K., 2, 21, 104, 106, 111, 113, 146, 150
on the media, 95
as “one of the guys,” 142, 146
as role model, 143
on space toilet, 119
in training, 103
Right Stuff, The (Wolfe), 172n44, 179n8
Robertson, Patricia, 186n4
Rockwell International, 109, 110
Roddenberry, Gene, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 45
Rosie the Riveter, 6, 8–9, 163n1
Rossi, Alice, 19–20
Ruby Barnes (character), 33
Sagan, Carl, 83
Salt Lake Tribune, 134
Sandler, Harold, 80
San Jose Mercury, 79
Sato, Hoshi (character), 43
Schlafly, Phyllis, 107
Schmitt, Harrison “Jack,” 84
science fiction, influence of: on boys, 26, 28
on girls, 23
scientist-astronauts, 14, 52, 54–55, 64, 69, 76, 78, 84, 90, 171n31, 171n34, 176n49, 179n5, 179n8
Scott, Montgomery “Scotty” (character), 38
Scully-Power, Paul, 111
Seddon, M. Rhea, 2, 130, 143, 146, 150, 151–152, 154, 155, 157
birth by, 1–2
on crew interaction, 92
on discrimination, 146
on femininity, 158
flights of, 135
on hygiene, 123
on intercourse, 141
marriage of, to Robert Gibson, 2, 92, 158
on the media, 95
on medical testing, 133
on NASA, 157
on NSBRI, 131–132
on privacy, 99
on public relations, 134
on urine collection, 124, 126–127
on women’s health, 130–131, 132, 138
See, Elliot M., 53
sex difference, 13, 35, 85, 106, 125, 133, 143, 152, 168n42
and suit design, 116–118
and waste containment, 118–127
sexual equality, 3, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 24, 25, 32, 33, 37, 40, 41, 84, 88, 91–92, 98, 107, 131, 142, 143, 146, 154, 157
sexuality, 129
Shatner, William, 39
Shurley, Jay, 49
Sirtis, Marina, 41
Sisko, Benjamin (character), 42
Skelton, Betty, 46
Slayton, Donald K. “Deke,” 53, 99, 156
Sloan, Jerri (Truhill), 169n1
Smith, E. P., 110
Smith, Valentine Michael (character), 30–31
Society for the Advancement of Women’s Health Research, 133
Society of Women Engineers (SWE), 20, 90
Sorel, Louise, 39
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 69–70
Space Act of 1958, 76
Space and Naval Medical Congress, 48
“space babes,” 39
Space Camp, U.S., 147
“Space Crone, The” (LeGuin), 35–36, 168n43
Space News, 135
space race, 22, 45, 54, 60, 61, 62, 134
and all-female crew, 129–130, 133–135
announcement of, 77
astronaut selection for, 79
contractor for, 109
and crew interaction, 68, 92–93, 107, 113, 136
crews of, 68, 77–78, 84, 131, 179n5
design of, 2, 4, 69, 77, 86, 92, 99, 107–111, 114, 155
funding for, 76–77, 81–82, 96, 176n52
medical experiments on, 137, 185n47
mission profiles of, 97
and role of women, 2, 67, 69, 77–79, 80, 87, 127, 133, 142, 154, 155
sleeping accommodations on, 109–11
systems of, 97–98
toilet on, 118–124. See also specific STS flights
Space Station, 77, 123, 129, 131, 132, 153, 156, 189n5
medical experiments on, 137
and “next logical step,” 67
space suits, 106, 112, 114–118
design of, 114–115
spacewalking, 61, 103, 113–114, 115–116
Space World (periodical), 57
Spock (character), 38
Sputnik, 16, 17, 165n37, 166n51
Starship Troopers (Heinlein), 28–30
Star Trek (film), 39
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (TV series), 42, 43
Star Trek: Enterprise (TV series), 42–43
Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (film), 168n49
Star Trek: The Next Generation (TV series), 40–42, 43
Star Trek: The Original Series (TV series), 23, 36, 37, 38–39, 40, 43, 44, 91
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (film), 43
Star Trek: Voyager (TV series), 42, 43
Steadman, Bernice “B,” 47, 169n1, 170n23
Stefanyshyn-Piper, Heidemarie, 115–116
Stennis Space Center, NASA, 182n53
Still-Kilrain, Susan, 155
Stott, Nicole, 116
Stranger in a Strange Land (Heinlein), 28, 30–32
STS-1, 122
STS-3, 137
STS-5, 111
STS-7, 111
STS-32, 128
STS-40, 135
STS-41D, 123–124
STS-58, 135
STS-61C, 187n26
STS-63, 135
STS-76, 148
STS-79, 148
STS-93, 155
STS-114, 155
STS-120, 153
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 70
Stumbough, Gene Nora (Jesson), 169n1, 171n37
Suffrage Amendment, 45
Sullivan, Kathryn D., 2, 104, 111, 146, 150
on astronaut selection, 93, 94
on crew interaction, 92, 113–114
on diversity, 88
as feminist, 147
on precedents, 150
as role model, 143
and spacewalking, 103, 113–114
Sulu, Hikaru (character), 38, 39, 168n49
Sun (Boston), 145
Swider, Joseph, 118
Symposium on American Women in Science and Engineering, 19
Takai, George, 39
Tereshkova, Valentina, 21, 23, 55, 63, 64, 106
Tethered Mercury: A Pilot’s Memoir: The Right Stuff… But the Wrong Sex (Steadman), 47
Thaden, Louise, 10
Thibodaux, Joseph, Jr., 72
Time-Life News Service, 144
Title VII, 1964 Civil Rights Act, 70, 71
toilets, 7, 26, 108, 118–124, 157, 185n47
failure of, 123–124
testing of, 120
Townsend, Margorie Rhodes, 75
Troi, Deanna (character), 41
Uhura, Nyoto (character), 23, 38–39, 43, 91, 168n49, 169n50
urine collection device (UCD), 124–126, 157
Usachev, Yuri, 148
U.S. Air Force Academy, women cadets at, 182n58
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 126
U-2, 126
Wall Street Journal, 70
Walz, Carl, 148
Warner, Emily, 10
Washington Daily News, 64
Washington Post, 115, 131, 145, 149
Washington Star, 115
Washington Times, 168n49
waste containment system (WCS). See toilets
Webb, James, 63, 65, 71, 72, 74, 77, 89, 100, 154, 173n75
Weir, Allison, 145, 147, 150, 151
Weisstein, Naomi, 20
Wendy the Welder, 8
Wheelock, Doug, 153
Whitaker, Ann, 85
Whitney, Grace Lee, 39
Whitson, Peggy, 115, 153, 190n6
William Norton (character), 32–33
Wilma Deering (character), 23, 24, 25, 26, 45
Wollheim, Donald, 27
Woman in Space Program, 46–47, 49, 60, 61, 62, 170n9, 171n37
Woman into Space (Cobb), 47
women: as astronauts, 3, 5, 6, 7, 33–34, 50, 59–60, 68–69, 77–78, 79, 80, 85, 176n50
as “damsel-in-distress,” 25, 26, 40
in aviation, 9–10
educational opportunities for, 9, 15, 16–18, 20–21, 53, 74, 86, 165n37, 166n51, 176n49, 181n53
medical testing of, 10, 46, 48–49, 68, 80–81, 85, 91
middle-class, 5–6, 9, 16, 19, 38, 58
in the military, 11–13, 14, 24–25, 29–30, 51, 59, 60, 107, 155, 164–165n34
at NASA, 73–76, 84, 181–182n53
as pilots, 9–11, 14, 15, 29, 46, 47–48, 51, 52, 53, 64, 65, 67, 107–108, 163n2
as professionals, 2–3, 5, 6, 7, 15–16, 17–21, 54, 65, 73, 85, 142, 154, 161n9, 165nn38-39, 165–166n46, 166n48, 166n51, 181n53, 186n4
as sex objects, 25, 26–27, 31, 32–33, 39, 50
in space, 3, 5, 31, 32–33, 37, 46–47, 50, 57, 62, 67–68, 76, 79, 177n64
as the weaker sex, 24–25, 56, 57, 58, 133
in the workplace, 2, 3–4, 5–6, 8, 29, 32, 33, 56, 86
Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES), 9, 11, 15
Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs), 9, 15, 47, 59
women astronauts, 100–101, 105, 115–116, 135, 156–157, 179n8, 186n4
all-female flight of, 131, 133–135
clothing for, 101, 111–113, 183–184n19
differences among, 149
double standards for, 103–104, 150
facilities for, 98–100
first class of, 2, 4, 8, 40, 72, 86, 130
and hair, 127–128
introduction of, 87
job assignments for, 102
media attention on, 94–95, 104, 179n3
medical testing of, 46, 48–49, 91, 93, 130
as mothers, 157
as “one of the guys,” 101, 133, 142–143, 144, 145, 151, 158
psychological health of, 140, 141, 156
as role models, 134, 142, 145, 149
and setting precedents, 88, 103–104, 150
and spacewalking, 113–114, 115
and waste containment, 118–127
Women Flyers of America (WFA), 9
Women in Motion, Inc., 91
Women’s Armed Services Act of 1948, 11
Women’s Auxiliary Ferry Squadron (WAFS), 9, 11
women’s movement: first, 143, 161n6
second, 4, 11, 16, 20, 34, 37, 70, 72–73, 76, 89, 91, 161n6
Women’s National Aeronautical Association (WNAA), 9
Wonder Woman (comic), 26, 27–28, 37
Worf (character), 41
World War II, 3, 6, 8–9, 11, 15, 155
Wright Air Development Center, 46
Yar, Natasha (character), 41
Yeager, Charles E. “Chuck,” 51
Zumwalt, Elmo, 12
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