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- Additional Information
Index
Page numbers in italics refer to figures and tables.
aerodynamic drag on vehicles, 50, 80
aggressive driving, 57
air pollution, 6–11
air temperature: electric car batteries and, 92–93
hydrogen fuel cells and, 100
Algenol Biofuels, Inc., 70
alternative vehicles. See automotive technologies
American Electric Power, 119
animal fat as biofuel, 67–68
anthracite, 30
automobiles scrapped per year, 45
automotive technologies: alternative vehicles, 60–61
comparing, using fuel economy ratings, 55–56
cost of, 62
diesel, 61–69, 64, 103–4, 153–54
flex-fuel, 56, 69–73, 72, 104–5
gasoline, 48, 62–63, 88–90, 101
history of, 44–45
improving fuel economy through, 50–51
in national energy strategy, 103–8, 152–57
natural gas, 73–78, 104, 154–55
overview of, 46–51. See also electric vehicles; internal combustion engines
Bakken Formation, 21
batteries, sodium-sulfur (NaS), 119, 131
batteries of electric vehicles: charging, 85–87, 86, 107
weight and capacity of, 83, 85, 94, 94
Benz, Karl, 44
binary cycle geothermal power plants, 135–36
biodiesel fuel, 63, 65–68, 67, 105, 154
biomass, consumption of, 3, 4
bituminous coal, 30
boating industry, 72–73
braking, 46–47
CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) standards, 51–54
carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), 141–42
carbon dioxide (CO2), 7, 11, 29, 142, 143
carbon monoxide (CO), pollution due to, 11
cellulosic ethanol, 70
Chavez, Hugo, 15
Chernobyl nuclear reactor, 38, 39–40
Chevrolet Volt: battery of, 83, 92
internal combustion engine for, 88
Clean Air Act of 1990, 69
clean coal approaches, 140–42, 151, 158
CO2. See carbon dioxide
coal: clean coal approaches, 140–42, 151, 158
deaths due to, 38
in electric power generation, 9–10, 10, 30, 31–32
greenhouse gas emissions due to, 8, 9–10, 10
petroleum products from, 142–43
production, consumption, and imports of, 2, 3, 5, 30, 42–43
types of, 29–30
underground coal-seam fires, 9
compressed natural gas (CNG), 25, 74
concentrating solar power (CSP) thermal systems, 131–32, 161
conversions, 165
cooking oil as biofuel, 67–68
corn, as biodiesel crop, 66–67, 67
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards, 51–54
corrosiveness of ethanol, 71–72
cost: of alternative vehicles, 62
of cars, and CAFE standard, 52–53
of clean coal approaches, 141–42, 151
of E85, 71
of hydrogen fuel cells, 101
of NGVs, 75
of solar power, 128–29
of uranium, 40–41
countries: natural gas imports by, 28
nuclear power production of electricity by, 34
oil imports by, 18
proved coal reserves by, 31
proved natural gas reserves by, 28
proved oil reserves by, 23
proved uranium reserves by, 37
sources of lithium by, 93
cracking, 13
crops for fuel, 66–67, 67, 68, 70, 154
CSP (concentrating solar power) thermal systems, 131–32, 161
data, sources of, xii
demand: for diesel fuel, 22, 153–54
for electricity, 87, 109, 147, 157
for gasoline, xi–xii, 12, 22–23, 152–53
for oil, xvii–xviii, 16–17, 17, 43, 59, 153–54, 163–64
density of petroleum, 15
design speed of cars, 49
diesel fuel: consumption of, 6
greenhouse gas emissions due to, 8, 9, 10, 44
reducing demand for, 22
diesel vehicles: biodiesel, 63, 65–68
demand for oil and, 153–54
overview of, 61–63, 68–69, 103–4. See also diesel fuel
dish CSP systems, 132
Dodge Avenger, 56
driving: in city, 46, 48, 49, 80
efficiently, techniques for, 57
dry-steam geothermal power plants, 134–35
E10 ethanol fuel, 72–73
E85 ethanol fuel, 56, 69–73, 153
efficient driving, techniques for, 57–58
electricity: consumption of, 6, 87, 130–31
expanding non-fossil-fuel sources of, 163. See also electric power generation; hydropower/hydroelectric power; national power grid; nuclear energy; solar power; transmission lines; wind power
electric power generation: coal in, 9–10, 10, 30, 31–32
consumption of energy by, 5
efficiency of, 4–6
greenhouse gas emissions due to, 8, 9, 10, 10–11
natural gas consumption and, 26
electric vehicles (EVs): batteries for, 90, 92–93
fuel economy of, 88–90
history and uses of, 82–83
hydrogen fuel-cell, 97–103, 101, 102, 107–8
overview of, 95
potential of, 155–57
preparing for switch to, 163
series, 65, 96–97, 105–6. See also Chevrolet Volt; hybrid electric vehicles; plug-in electric vehicles; pure plug-in electric vehicles
electrolysis, 99
energy, consumption of, xi, 1–6, 2, 44. See also demand
Energy Information Administration, 1
engineering practice, xii
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 54–56, 55, 57
ethanol. See E85 ethanol fuel
Europe: car manufacturers in, 54
diesel vehicles in, 61
refineries in, 15
EVs. See electric vehicles
fast-charge EV charging stations, 86, 95, 157
fertilizer, livestock flatulence, and landfills (FLL), 7, 8, 9
Fischer-Tropsch process, 142–43
flash steam geothermal power plants, 135, 136
fleet vehicles, natural gas, 77, 78
flex-fuel vehicles: compression ratio of, 70
E85 ethanol for, 69–73
overview of, 104–5
Ford, Henry, 45
foreign oil, independence from, xi, 17–18, 18, 22–23, 46. See also importation
fossil fuels, 11, 11, 148–50. See also coal; petroleum
friction, losses due to, 47, 48, 49
fuel economy of vehicles: average, 45, 52, 53
CAFE standards, 51–54
diesel compared to gasoline, 61, 62–63
electric compared to gasoline, 88–90
expectations for, 153
HEVs, 78–79
nonengineering approaches to, 56–58
overview of, 58–59
standard for representing, 51
switching cars to gain, 81
transmissions and, 50
fueling: HFCVs, 98
gasoline: additives to, 69
consumption of, 6
development of petroleum industry and, 12
greenhouse gas emissions due to, 8, 9, 10, 44
reducing demand for, xi–xii, 22–23, 152–53
refining process and, 14, 14, 15
gasoline vehicles: diesel vehicles compared to, 62–63
electric vehicles compared to, 88–90
energy flow in, 48
HFCVs compared to, 101. See also internal combustion engines
geothermal power: availability of, 136
conditions for power plants, 136–37
consumption of, 3, 4
generating capacity, 137
potential of, 158–60
uses of, 134
global warming, 6–7
global warming potential gasses, 7
greenhouse gas emissions: from coal, 8, 9–10, 10, 151
from gasoline and diesel, 8, 9, 10, 44
global warming and, 6–7
by source, 8
gridded solar systems, 126
heliostat tower CSP systems, 132
HEVs. See hybrid electric vehicles
HFCVs. See hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles
home recharging of EVs, 85–87
home refueling of NGVs, 76
hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), 64, 78–82, 105, 155
hybrid plug-in electric vehicles (H-PEVs), 65, 96, 106–7. See also Chevrolet Volt
hydrocarbons in petroleum, 12–13
hydrofluorocarbons, 7
hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles (HFCVs): gasoline vehicles compared to, 101
layout of, 84
PEVs compared to, 102
potential of, 156–57
hydropower/hydroelectric power: consumption of, 3, 4
dam diagram, 138
deaths due to, 38
hypermiling, 58
importation: dependence on, 41–42
fuel economy increases and, 59
of natural gas, 25, 26–27, 27, 28, 77
of petroleum, 16–18, 17, 18, 19, 22–23
of uranium, 35
industry, consumption of energy by, 5, 26
integrated gasification combined cycle process (IGCC), 140–41
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 7
internal combustion engines: in alternative vehicles, 60–61
in Chevrolet Volt, 88
in diesel vehicles, 61–69
efficiency of, 58
in flex-fuel vehicles, 69–73
improvements to, 103
layout of, 64
losses typical in, 46–47, 48, 49–50
in natural gas vehicles, 73–78
interstate highway system, 45
lighting and petroleum industry, 12
linear CSP systems, 132
liquefied natural gas (LNG), 24–25, 74
lithium for batteries, 92, 93, 93
manufacturer compliance with CAFE standard, 53–54
mercury, pollution due to, 11
methane, as greenhouse gas, 7, 8, 9
methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), 69
Middle East, oil imports from, 17–18, 18
national energy strategy: actions in, 161–64
alternative vehicles, 103–8
coal, 150–51
fossil fuels, 148–50
green energy sources, 157–61
green vehicles, 152–53
natural gas, 150
nuclear power, 150
national power grid, 87, 118–19, 127–28
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 123
natural gas: consumption sectors, 5
deaths due to, 38
greenhouse gas emissions due to, 8, 9, 10
petroleum products from, 142–43
potential for, 150
production, consumption, and imports of, 2, 3, 25–26, 27, 41, 42
transportation and storage of, 24–25, 29. See also natural gas vehicles
natural gas reforming, 98–99
natural gas vehicles (NGVs), 73–78, 104, 154–55
Nellis Air Force Base Solar Power Farm, 122
net metering, 126–28
Nissan Leaf, 156
nuclear energy: consumption of, 3, 5
dangers of, 37–40
electricity and, 32–34
need for, 147
potential of, 36, 40–41, 43, 150, 158
reactors, 33
off-grid solar systems, 126
offshore wind and wind farms, 112, 115, 117
oil. See petroleum Olds, Ransom, 45
organic farming, 9
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 17
Otto cycle engines, 47
particulates, pollution due to, 11
peat fires, 9
perfluorocarbons, 7
petrochemical products: from coal and natural gas, 142–43
demand for oil and, xvii–xviii, 12, 43
imports of oil and, 22–23
international trade in, 16
petrochemicals and refining process, 13–14, 14
petroleum: categories of, 15
consumption of, 2, 3, 5, 44, 151–52
demand for, 16–17, 17, 43, 59, 153–54
greenhouse gas emissions due to, 10
history of, use of, 11–12
international trade in, 15–16
production, consumption, and imports of, 16–18, 17, 18, 19, 22–23, 41–42, 149
prolonging supply of, 161–62
reducing demand for, xi–xii, xiii, 163–64
refining of, 12–16
reserves of, 18–22, 19, 23, 149–50. See also petrochemical products
Phill system, 76
Pickens, T. Boone, 117
Pickens Plan, 118
plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), 83, 89, 106. See also pure plug-in electric vehicles; Tesla Roadster
plutonium, 38
postcombustion approach to clean coal, 141–42
P-PEVs. See pure plug-in electric vehicles
precombustion approach to clean coal, 140–41
primary energy sources, 1, 2, 4–5
production: of natural gas, 27
of oil, 17
proved reserves: of coal, 31
of natural gas, 28
of uranium, 37
Prudhoe Bay field, 18–19
pure plug-in electric vehicles (P-PEVs): HFCVs compared to, 100–101, 102
layout of, 84
overview of, 106
potential of, 156–57
range of, 87–88
radioactive waste, storage of, 38, 142
range: of EVs, 83, 85, 107, 156, 157
of NGVs, 75
reenriching tailings, 35
renewable energy sources: consumption of, 2, 3, 4, 5
in national energy strategy, 157–61
overview of, 144–47. See also geothermal power; hydropower/hydroelectric power; solar power; wind power
reprocessing fuel rods, 35
domestic, 41
of petroleum, 18–22, 19, 23, 149– 50
of uranium, 36, 37. See also undiscovered technically recoverable reserves (UTRR) of petroleum
residential and commercial sector, consumption by, 5, 26
resources, depletion of, xi, xiv, xvii
Reykjavik, Iceland, 134
Sasol Company, 143
Saudi Arabia, oil imports from, 18
secondary energy sources, 1, 4–6, 6
series electric vehicles (SEVs): hydrogen fuel-cell, 84, 97–103, 101, 102, 107–8
layout of, 65
potential of, 155–57
Shell, 143
Smart car, 59
solar power: amount of sunlight intercepted, 121–23, 122
commercial farms, 129–31, 132–33
consumption of, 3, 4
cost of, 128–29
efficiency of, 123–24
for homes, 125–27
hours of sunlight, 124, 131–32
land requirements for, 129, 130
net metering, 126–27
potential of, 160–61
specifying power from solar farms, 112
transmission losses, 124–25
soybeans, as biodiesel crop, 66–67, 67, 154
storage: of carbon dioxide, 142
of electricity from wind power, 118–19
of hydrogen in HFCVs, 97–98
sulfur content of petroleum, 15
sulfur dioxide, pollution due to, 11
sulfur hexafluoride, 7
Three Gorges Dam, China, 139
Three Mile Island nuclear reactor, 38–39
thyroid cancer from nuclear accidents, 39–40
Tokyo Electric Power Company, 119
Toyota: FCHV, 97
Highlander, 80
transmission lines: need for, 117, 129–30, 157–58
power losses over, 124–25, 130
transmissions of vehicles, losses due to, 49–50
transportation: of hydrogen, 98
of natural gas, 24–25
personal, 45
transportation sector, consumption of energy by, 5
undiscovered technically recoverable reserves (UTRR) of petroleum, 21, 42, 150, 152
uranium, 2, 32–41, 37. See also nuclear energy
vegetable oil as fuel, 63, 65–66
vehicles. See diesel vehicles; electric vehicles; flex-fuel vehicles; fuel economy of vehicles; gasoline vehicles; weight of vehicles
Vestas wind turbines, 112, 113, 114
visual pollution, 117
Volkswagen: Jetta, 55–56
Jetta SportWagen, 62
water, affinity of ethanol for, 72
weight of vehicles: decreasing, 57
inertia and, 50
safety and, 59
wind power: availability of, 110, 111, 112
consumption of, 3, 4
dropouts, 118–19
land requirements for, 114
Pickens Plan, 118
speed classifications, 111
turbines for, 112–18, 113, 114
Yucca Mountain Repository, 142
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