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Index
AARP, 140
Abel, Andrew, 63–64
accumulation of wealth: models of, 31–32, 33;
Administration of Estates Act, 22
advanced directive, 106–7
African Americans and gift giving, 44–45
aging and family structure, 4–9
Aleman, Sara, 44
allowance, receiving, 70–71
Antonucci, Toni C., 48
Arthur, W. Brian, 33
Astrue, Michael, 142
Baby Boom, definition of, 6
Baby Boomers: benefits for, 128
characteristics of, 46, 60–62, 66–67
Baker, Dean, 112
Barnhart, Jo Anne, 142
Barro, Robert J., 19
Becker, Gary S., 19
beneficiary, assigning, 105
benefits, reducing, 124, 125, 139
bequeathing inheritance, challenges to, 51, 62
Binstock, Robert, 142
blended families, 89
Booth, Alan, 8
British Retirement Survey, 51
Burns, Scott, 141
Caldwell, John C., 33
costs to, 127
grandparents as, 52–53
long-term care and, 8
Mexican American, 53
cash assistance, intergenerational, 52, 81
charities, gifts to, 92–93
children: assistance to, 40, 50, 51–52
contract between parents and, 2
with disabling illness, 90
disinheritance of, 2–3, 16, 55
education of, 17–18
money and, 69
parental attitude toward, 45–46
property flow from parents to, 19. See also grandchildren
colonial period, 12–14
common law dower, 22
common law rights, 15
community property laws, 16
conservative welfare state, 28
contract between parent and child, 2
Cook, Karen S., 47
cost: administrative, of Medicare, 130
to caregivers, 127
of health care, 6–8, 34, 127–31
of wealth, 73–74
cost of living adjustments, Social Security, 124
coverture, 15–16
cross-national research, 32–35
crowding-out effect, 19
daughters: Baby Boomers as, 61–62
in colonial period, 12–13
education of, 18
death bed wills, 107
death rates, 5
death taxes, 93–94
Degler, Carl, Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present, 12
denial, role of, 136
Dietz, Tracy L., 53
disagreements over inheritances, 62–63, 65
drawing down assets, 63–64
early retirement, 123
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 (Marx), 41
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act (EGTRRA), 94–95, 96
Economic Recovery Tax Act, 94
Economy and Society (Weber), 42
Educational Equity Act, 18
Edwards, John N., 8
elder law attorney, 109
elders: estimated federal spending for, 115
family support for, 44, 53–54, 79, 84–85, 131, 135, 144
income inequality and, 118
eligibility age for Social Security, 124, 125
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), 30
employer pension funds, 30–32
entitlements, 30
equity, gifts of, 9
Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, 27
estate planning: beneficiary, assigning, and, 105
communication about, 86
equality and, 85
and goodwill among family members, 21–22
Medicaid and, 100–101
notebook, 104–5
stages of, 103–4
timing of, 99. See also retirement planning
estate recovery by Medicaid, 102, 130–31
estate taxes, 94–98
bequest motives and, 37
families affected by, 20
by states, 97
Tocqueville and, 11
estranged family, 49
ethnicity. See race and ethnicity
Europe. See Mediterranean nations; Western European nations
executor, choosing, 89–90
expectations about inheritance, 63
fairness issues, 83, 85, 87–88
family: aging of American, 4–9
blended, 89
economic growth and, 19
ideal types of, 49
kin network, 33–35
material exchanges and, 1–2, 37–41
modern American, 12
siblings, conflict between, 39–40, 88
as social safety net, 19
traditional responsibilities of, 27–28. See also children; family ideology; grandchildren
Family and Medical Leave Act, 26
family ideology: challenges to, 86–89
intergenerational transfers and, 78–80
money as gift and, 67–71
research on, 142–43
Favreault, Melissa, 51
Federal Estate Tax Act, 93–94
Figueiredo, Carlos, 63
financial assistance, gift giving as, 43–47, 137
fiscal child abuse, 141
fourth age, 7–8
friends, gifts to, 92–93
functional exchange, 49
Gale, William G., 4
gay couples, 84
gender: inter vivos gifts and, 83
retirement and, 137–40. See also widows; women
generational equity, 112–16, 131–32, 141–42, 143
generational status and filial expectation, 46–47
Generation D, 141–42
Generations X and Y, 61, 112, 141
gift giving: to children from parents, 68–69, 75
complexity of, 38–39
contextual model of, 45–46
demography of, 136–37
emotion and, 48
family ideology and, 142–43
as financial assistance, 43–47, 137
generational attitudes about, 47–48
inheritances as form of, 2
motivations for, 49–54. See also inter vivos gifts
gift tax, 98
Gist, John, 63
goal of study, 3
Goldscheider, Calvin, 45
Goldscheider, Frances K., 45
Gomez, Ernesto, 54
government taxing policies, 111–12
Graeber, David, 38
grandchildren: caring for, 52–53
estate planning and, 87
financial support for, 8
Great Depression, 59, 67, 69, 75
Great Transformation, The (Polanyi), 38
Gruber, Jonathan, 143–44
Grundy, Emily, 51
guardianship, legal, 107
Gustman, Alan L., 104
Hall, Peter D., 17
Hareven, Tamara K., 12
Harris, Susan, 51
Hashimoto, Akiko, 49
Health and Retirement Study (HRS), 7, 51, 120–21
health care: barriers to, 27
Health Insurance Portability Act, 141
Henretta, John C., 51
higher education, cost of, 17–18
Hispanic population: growth of, 118
inheritance and, 43–44
Medigap coverage and, 128–29
retirement security for, 123
support for elderly parents among, 44, 79. See also Mexican Americans
Homestead Act, 15
Hughes, M. Elizabeth, 61
Hurd, Michael, 63
ideology. See family ideology
incapacity, functional, 107
income inequality: Baby Boomers and, 61
in elderly population, 118
estate taxes and, 95
generational inequality and, 116
growth and causes of, 34–35
race, ethnicity, and, 26, 118–19
inheritance taxes, 93–94, 96, 97, 98
intergenerational exchange: children, parents, and, 78–80, 84–85
form and function of, 49
long-term, 40–41
timing of, 80–81
value of, 75–76. See also gift giving
intergenerational relationships, dimensions of, 48–49
intergenerational wealth transfer. See wealth transfer, intergenerational
interviews: about gifts received, 67–70
background on, 65–67
inter vivos gifts: definition of, 17, 81
for education, 82
family dynamics of, 135
to friends and charities, 92–93
inequality of, 91
with strings, 82–83, 86. See also gift giving
Japan, 29
Jefferson, Thomas, 14
Johnson, Richard W., 51
joint tenancy with right of survivorship, 105
Kahn, Robert C., 48
kin network, 33–35
Kotlikoff, Laurence J., 4, 141
Langbein, John H., 50
Latino population. See Hispanic population
laws regarding inheritance: in colonial period, 12–14
in modern America, 16–18
origins of, 11
women and, 14–16
“liberal” welfare states, 28, 29
lifecycle model of accumulation of wealth, 31–32
living trust, 107
long-term care, 8, 99–100, 102
long-term care insurance, 101, 109–10, 141
“look back period,” 100
Maclachlan, Fiona, 42
Madrian, Brigitte C., 143–44
male-breadwinner model, 125–26, 138–39
Maori principle of gift giving, 37–38
Marcus, George E., 17
Markides, Kyriakos S., 54
Martin, Harry W., 54
Marx, Karl, 41–42
material exchanges: emotional ties and, 18, 77
McNamee, Stephen J., 17
McNicoll, Geoffrey, 33
Medicaid: eligibility determination, 102
long-term care and, 99–100
nursing home benefits under, 100–101
recipients of, and expenditures for, 6–7, 127
stigma of, 29
medical care costs, 6–8, 34, 127–31
medical power of attorney, 106–7
Medicare: administrative costs of, 130
expenditures for, 128
financing reforms for, 129–30
nursing home care and, 99, 100
prescription drug benefit, 119
Medigap coverage, 128–29
Mediterranean nations, 29
Mexican Americans: generational attitudes of, 47
inheritance and, 43–44
reliance on children by, 53–54. See also Hispanic population
Miller, Robert K., Jr., 17
Molm, Linda D., 47
money: as allowance, 70–71
Baby Boomers and, 60–62
childhood experiences with, 69, 135
contemporary studies of, 42–43
costs of having, 73–74
effects of, 65–66
generational issues and, 58–59
Silent Generation and, 59–60, 67, 69, 75, 140–141
theoretical perspectives on, 41–42
moral values and gift giving, 38, 67–71, 78–80
National Survey of Families and Households, 54–55
Nordic countries, 29
nursing home care, 99–100
old-age security, 112–14
Old Northwest Ordinance, 15
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 100, 102
O’Neill, Thomas P. “Tip,” 142
opportunity structure, 48–49
O’Rand, Angela M., 61
out-of-pocket health care expenditures, 6–7, 128
patriarchy, 13. See also primogeniture
Paz, Juan, 44
pension funds, 30–32
Pension Protection Act, 135
pension reform, 139–40
personal wealth, 19–20
Pestieau, Pierre, 93
pick-up tax, 94
Polanyi, The Great Transformation, 38
postnuptial agreement, 108
“potlatch” tradition, 78
poverty, 50–51, 131–32. See also income inequality
power of attorney, 89–90, 106–7
prenuptial agreement, 108
prescription drug benefit, 119
privatization of Social Security, 124–25, 126, 139–40
probate courts, 21
property, transfer of: in colonial period, 12–14
minorities and, 20
in modern America, 16–18
women and, 14–16
public pension spending, 113
public policies, 135
public sector, role of, 25
Qualified Medicare Beneficiaries, 130
race and ethnicity: age grading of society and, 25
benefits cuts and, 125
elderly population and, 117–18
eligibility age and, 125
financial assets and, 120–21
gift giving and, 44–45
income inequality and, 26, 118–19
inheritance and, 43–44
Medicare and, 128–29
postretirement poverty and, 50–51
transfer of property and, 20
women, retirement, and, 121, 122, 140. See also Hispanic population; Mexican Americans
real property tenure, 12
reciprocity and gift giving, 37–38
relationships, 48–49
remarriage, 108. See also divorce
research: agenda for, 142–45
cross-national, 32–35
methodology of, 147–48
sample selection, 148–49
resource consumption, 113–14
retirement income security systems, 26
retirement planning: delaying or ignoring, 64, 136
failure of, 39
women, divorce, and, 8–9. See also estate planning
Ribar, David C., 47
Roosevelt, Franklin, 59
Samuelson, P., 33
savings, personal, 30–32
Scandinavian countries, 28, 29, 33
Scholz, John K., 4
siblings, conflict between, 39–40, 88, 108
Silent Generation: characteristics of, 59–60, 66
Silverstein, Merril, 40–41, 47
Simmel, Georg, 42
Smith, James, 125
Snowe, Olympia, 112
social convoy model, 48
social democratic welfare state, 28
social exchange theory, 47
social policy demands, 143–44
Social Security: birth of, 59
generational pact and, 113–14
male-breadwinner model of, 125–26, 138–39
maximum monthly benefit, 31
as “third rail,” 142
Trust Fund, trustees of, 119
social services, market for, 28
son, in colonial period, 13
spouse, in wills, 55
state, the, as insurer of last resort, 28–29
Steinmeier, Thomas L., 104
Summers, Lawrence H., 4
Sussman, Marvin, 19
taxes: death, 93–94
gift, 98
government policies and, 111–12
inheritance, 93–94, 96, 97, 98
pick-up, 94. See also estate taxes
Taxpayer Relief Act, 94
Tax Reform Act, 94
testamentary freedom, 13–14, 16
testation, 21
third age, 4
Title IX, Educational Equity Act, 18
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 11
Townsend movement, 59
transfer of property: in colonial period, 12–14
minorities and, 20
in modern America, 16–18
women and, 14–16
transfer of wealth. See wealth transfer, intergenerational
trustees of Social Security Trust Fund, 119
unequal bequests, 51
wage distribution, 34
wealth: accumulation of, 31–32, 33, 60, 66
costs of, 73–74
wealth transfer, intergenerational: frequency of, 54–55
kin network and, 33–35
methods of, 36
motives for, 36–37
paying for education and, 50
purpose of, 22
trends in, 4
Weisbrot, Mark, 112
welfare state: appearance of, 26
cross-national comparisons of, 32–35
inequalities of, 114–16
legacy of modern, 27–29
“liberal,” 29
old-age security and, 25
postindustrial reality and, 29–30
public pension spending, 113
typology of, 28
in United States, 30
Western European nations, United States compared to, 25–27, 32–33
White, Lynn, 8
widows: common law rights and, 15
community property laws and, 16
financial situation of, 84–85
state laws and, 15
traditional life estate and, 22
wills: changing terms of, 107–8
characteristics of Americans over age 70 with, 55, 56
communication about, 86
death bed, 107
description of, 106
percent of population with, 21, 64
before twentieth century, 20–21
Wolff, Edward N., 34
women: as caregivers, 127
divorce, retirement planning, and, 8–9
education of, 18
inheritance laws and, 12–13, 14–16
Iroquois and Algonkian, 16
money and, 72–73
postretirement poverty and, 50–51
race, ethnicity, retirement, and, 121, 122, 140
Social Security and, 125–26. See also daughters; widows
Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (Degler), 12
workers-to-retirees ratio, 116, 123, 128
workforce: face of future, 122–23
Yaquis, 44
Zelizer, Viviana A., 43
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