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A P P E N D I X B Brief Case Studies of Other Social-Reform Movements THIS SECTION BUILDS on the major case studies presented in chapter 2 by demonstrating that the theoretical propositions about movement formation are robust across issues. To provide positive cases with which the negative gun control case legitimately could be compared, chapter 2 examined three social-regulatory issues: antialcohol, antismoking, and antiabortion . In the interests of space and simplicity, each proposition in the theory was illustrated with a case study of just one of those three issues. Below, I show that other issues also illustrate the theory. SOCIALIZING THE COSTS: STATE PATRONAGE The antismoking movement is an important example of the pivotal role that state patronage can play in encouraging the formation and expansion of social movements. But it was not alone. Scholars of the women’s temperance movement of the nineteenth century note that one of the first actions was to organize a petition campaign to persuade Congress to create a commission that would investigate and provide authoritative information on the alcohol menace,1 and of course other antialcohol activists were busy building the Prohibition Party, which they hoped would assume national office and harness the power of government to eradicate alcohol. Nearly a century later, the federal government played a critical role in spurring the women’s liberation movement. In her authoritative account, Anne Costain puts particular emphasis on President Kennedy’s decision to create the first ever Presidential Commission on the Status of Women, which was led by a top Labor Department official and gathered authoritative evidence about women’s discontent. The commission played “a major role in creating the early agenda of the women’s movement.”2 Affiliated commissions in all fifty states performed a similar function at the subnational level. What is more, sympathetic government officials, concerned about the limits of state-sponsored action, helped enable the creation of the National Organization for Women, the principal social-movement organization for women’s rights.3 Finally, the modern antialcohol movement , embodied by Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (later Mothers Brief Case Studies • 205 Against Drunk Driving), was launched with patronage support from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, which provided a seed grant of $65,000 to help MADD’s founders establish a national network of chapters.4 Perhaps more important than providing money, the federal safety administration churned out research as early as 1968 showing the link between alcohol consumption and traffic accidents and deaths. John D. McCarthy argues that the agency “became the major institutional advocate of the drunk-driving frame, and, through its state and local programs , created a vast interlinked constituency of supporters for it.”5 SOCIALIZING THE COSTS: ASSOCIATIONAL PATRONAGE Again, the antiabortion movement is just one of many social-regulatory movements that have sought institutional patronage from voluntary associations . The temperance and Prohibition movements of the nineteenth century, for example, worked through Protestant churches. As head of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, Frances Willard wrote some two thousand letters in the summer of 1875 alone to church leaders in every state asking them for names and addresses of women who might be interested in organizing movement organizations in their areas.6 Later, the Anti-Saloon League, which emerged in the early 1890s and became the most important Prohibition-movement organization, persuaded thousands of churches to join as affiliates and to set aside one Sunday per year in which the league could present its work and raise money by passing the altar plate to a captive audience. Indeed, some 60% of the league’s leaders were clergy members, and the league called itself “the church in action against the saloon.”7 PERSONALIZING THE BENEFITS: FRAMING Besides the antialcohol movements, other social-regulation advocates have also used the child-protection frame to good effect. The antiabortion movement, of course, frames its goals in terms of protecting children. Demonstrators use photographs of aborted fetuses with infant features, as well as films such as Silent Scream, to dramatize their case. “It’s a child, not a choice,” is one of the movement’s popular slogans. The Progressiveera antitobacco movement was led by Lucy Page Gaston’s female-dominated Anti-Cigarette League, which saw cigarette smoking as leading to the moral corruption of American youth and the eventual decline of society . The reformers considered cigarettes to be what we now call a gateway drug, in which youthful smoking inevitably led to alcohol...

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