Notes
Chapter One 1 Also, some of the papers presented in the seminar were published elsewhere , e.g., Broadhurst 1999; Beavis 2000; D’Angelo 2003. 2 In earlier periods Sardis was called Hyde. See Homer, Il. 20.385; Strabo 13.4.6. 3 On the widespread knowledge of the Croesus stories through the second century CE see Hemer 1972. 4 Arrian, Anabasis 1.17.3–6; Diodorus Siculus 9.33.4; Herodotus 1.141; Theophanes , Chronogr. I 474B; but see Hanfmann, Robert, and Mierse (1983, 131) who suggest that there is little to confirm that this temple was ever actually built. 5 Twelve cities in Asia Minor were ruined by the earthquake, but Sardis was hit the hardest. 6 Pliny, Hist. Nat. 2.86.200; Seneca, Naturales quaestiones 6.1.13; Suetonius, Ceas., “Tiberius,” 48.2; Tacitus, Ann. 2.47. I am grateful to Dietmar Neufeld for pointing me to some of these sources. 7 Recent archaeological finds have shown that Ramsay’s rather dismal view of the conditions in the city from the first century CE to the Turkish period was wrong (Ramsay 1994, 269–70, but originally published in 1904). 8 This is true for Asia Minor more generally. It was also in the second century that the imperial cult became closely associated with local deities at various sites in Asia Minor. See Ramsay 1994, 88–89; cf. Johnson 1975, 83. 9 The prosperity of Sardis continued until it was destroyed by the Persians in 616 CE; see Foss and Scott 2002, 615, 617. 10 See Greenewalt, Ratte, and Rautman 1990; Tassel 1998; Greenewalt and Rautman, 1998, 2000; Greenewalt, Cahill, Stinson, and Yegül 2003. 11 See in particular Pedley 1972; Hanfmann and Waldbaum 1975; Hanfmann and Ramage 1978; Buttrey 1981; Yegül 1986; Crawford 1990; Schaeffer, Ramage, and Greenewalt 1997; Ramage and Craddock 2000. The earlier 253 NOTES 254 / Notes Princeton University excavations (1910–14, 1922) also produced a number of volumes, including Bell 1916; Butler 1925; Buckler and Robinson 1932. Hanfmann (1980) surveys the fragmentary archaeological evidence for aspects of urban life at Sardis in the fourth century BCE. Of particular interest is his assessment of the data for religious architecture, but it is too early for the scope of the “Religious Rivalries” seminar. 12 The city was probably actually rebuilt by Antigonus and Lysimachus around 290 CE (Aune 1997, 160). Later coins show the Smyrnean Nemeseis appearing to Alexander with plans for the refounding of the city (Ramsay 1994, 183). 13 Various dates are given for this event. Cadoux (1938, 239) dates it to 26 CE; whereas Aune (1997, 175) and Broughton (1938, 709) put the date at 29 CE. 14 Wreaths or crowns were used in a number of contexts in antiquity and could indicate such things as the conferral of honour, victory or achievement, celebration (e.g., a wedding crown or at banquets), or cultic or religious occasions . In cultic or religious settings there were a number of functions for wreaths: they were sometimes placed on a statue of a deity as a symbol of sovereignty and divinity or worn by functionaries during prayers, sacrifices, and processions (Aune 1997, 174–75). For more uses and an elaboration, see Ramsay 1994, 187–88; Aune 1997, 173–75. 15 Aune (1997, 158) suggests that “garland” is a better rendering of stephanos, since diadema (“diadem, crown”) is found elsewhere in Revelation. 16 See Calder 1906; Cadoux 1938, 171–73; Hemer 1986, 59. 17 Again, I am indebted to Dietmar Neufeld for pointing me to these ancient sources. Chapter Two 1 It is possible that parts of the Sibylline Oracles are from Asia Minor, but there is no indication that some are from our cities, and the nature of the genre makes them difficult to use for our purposes. 2 It seems likely that Jews are to be found in Sardis (= Sepharad) as early as Obadiah 20, but that is not directly relevant for present purposes. 3 The scholar most skeptical about the decrees is Moehring 1975, 3:124–58. Barclay (1996, 262–64) is hesitant. Much more receptive are Tcherikover (1970, 306–309), Smallwood (1976, 127–43), Rajak (1985), Trebilco (1991, 8–19), and Richardson (1996a:90–109, esp. 95–96; 1996b, 269–70). 4 On sacrificing in a synagogue, see Binder 1999 and Levine 2000. 5 There is some confirmation of at least the third in Philo, Legatio 311–16. 6 On the debate surrounding the nature of the term politeuma, see Lüderitz 1994. 7...
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