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170 Performing and Disrupting Identities 40 Preamble, Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement Between Her Majesty in Right of Canada and the Dene…as represented by the Sahtu Tribal Council (Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 1993). 41 Michael G. Krause and Victor Golla, “Northern Athapaskan Languages,”Subarctic, ed. June Helm, Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant (Washington : Smithsonian Institution, 1981), 79. 42 A.G. Morice, “Hare Indians,” The Catholic Encyclopedia, ed. C.G. Herbermann et al., Vol. 7 (New York: Robert Appleton, 1910). 43 Louis-Jacques Dorais, “The Canadian Inuit and Their Language,”Arctic Languages: An Awakening, ed. Dirmid R.F. Collis, (Paris: unesco, 1990), 185–289, 207. See also Dorais, From Magic Words to Word Processing: A History of the Inuit Language (Iqaluit: Arctic College, Nunatta Campus, 1993), 73–90. 44 In the Northwest Territories, the proportion of Aboriginal persons aged fifteen and older who are able to speak an Aboriginal language has fallen from about 59% (1984) to 44% (2004). Within this group there is a marked decline from those aged 65 and older (almost 90%) to those aged 15–24 (approximately 26%). Tlicho is the most widely spoken nwt Aboriginal language (94% of those aged 15 or older). In Yellowknife and in the Mackenzie Delta and Beaufort Sea region, about 25% of Aboriginal persons of the same age group speak an Aboriginal language. See Government of the Northwest Territories , Annual Report on Official Languages 2003–4 (Yellowknife: Northwest Territories , Minister responsible for Official Languages, October 2004), 30–32. 10 October 2005 . 45 Statistics Canada, Aboriginal Peoples Survey 2001—Initial Findings: Well-being of the non-reserve Aboriginal Population, by Vivian O’Donnell and Heather Tait, Housing, Family and Social Statistics Division, Statistics Canada, Minister of Industry, Ottawa 2003, 30.. 46 Marshall Sahlins, Stone Age Economics (New York: Aldine, 1972). 47 P.G. Downes, Sleeping Island: The Story of One Man’s Travels in the Great Barren Lands of the Canadian North (Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1988), 86. 48 “Kivalliq” has been adopted, since the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, as the name of the region formerly known as “Keewatin.” 49 See Kaj Birket-Smith, “Descriptive Part,” The Caribou Eskimos: Material and Social Life and Their Cultural Position, trans. W.E. Calvert, Vol. 5 of The Report of the Fifth Thule Expedition, 1921–24 (Copenhagen: Glydenalske Boghandel, 1929), 68. About 10 percent of Inuit in the Kugaaruk (Pelly Bay) area died from starvation in 1919–20. Asen Balikci, The Netsilik Eskimos (Garden City, NY: Natural History Press, 1970), 244. 50 Richard Harrington, The Face of the Arctic: A Cameraman’s Story in Words and Pictures of Five Journeys into the Far North (New York: Schuman, 1952), Farley Mowat, The People of the Deer (Boston: Little Brown, 1952) and The Desperate People (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959). 51 George Diveky: personal communication based on unpublished research. Conversely, there are records of deaths in other areas. For example, Hudson’s Bay Company and other records show starvation in the vicinity of Fort Norman in 1831, 1836–37, 1842, 1851–52, and 1892. These include thirty-two “or more” deaths in 1836–37, “over fifty” at Fort Good Hope and twenty-five at Fort Norman in 1842, and “many” in 1851–52. Beryl C. Gillespie, “Bearlake Indians,” Subarctic, ed. June Helm, Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1981), 328. “The North”—Alastair Campbell and Kirk Cameron 171 52 Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol. 2,The New World (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1956), 93. 53 Ray Price, The Howling Arctic: The Remarkable People Who Made Canada Sovereign in the Farthest North (Toronto: Peter Martin, 1970); Vilhjalmur Stefansson, The Friendly Arctic (New York: Macmillan, 1921). Although Stefansson is closer to the Aboriginal reality , both titles play to the southern audience. In this respect they epitomize two conflicting views of the North: “an over-idealized vision and an excessively pessimistic vision,” Hamelin, 4. 54 E.E. Rich, Hudson’s Bay Company, 1670–1870 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1960), Vol. 1, 51. 55 Arthur J. Ray and Donald B. Freeman, eds., “Give Us Good Measure”: An Economic Analysis of Relations between the Indians and the Hudson’s Bay Company before 1763 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978), 13. 56 Boyce Richardson, Strangers Devour the Land (Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 1991), 316. 57 La Société de développment de la Baie James v. Kanatewat et al., Slattery and...

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