Somalis in Minnesota

Index

Index    79 Index Page numbers in italic refer to pictures and captions. Page numbers such as “87n1” refer to notes, e.g., note 1 on page 87. Abdi, Amal, 45 Abdi, Cawo Mohamed, 27, 53 Abdi, Omar Mohamed, 53 Abdullahi, Mohamed, 50 Abrar, Fozia, 33 Abubakar As-Saddique Islamic Center, Minneapolis, 53 Adan, Hodon, 20 Adani, Fozia, 42–43 Afgarshe, Mohamud, 59 African Americans, school conflicts with Somalis, 48–51 African Community Services, 30 African Development Center, 57, 58, 60 Afro Deli & Coffee, Minneapolis, 58 Ahmed, Fosiyo Mohamoud, 38–39 Ahmed, Said Salah (Said Salah), 17 Ahmed, Shirwa, 52 Aidid, Mohamed Farrah, 12–13 Al-Barakat, money-wiring (hawala) agency, 46 al-Shabaab (terrorist organization), 48, 52–54 Allen, Beverly, 16 Authors, poets, and scholars, 15, 16–17, 27, 37 Axis Medical Center, Minneapolis, 31, 59 Bakaal,money-wiring(hawala)agency,47 Barkadle, Amina A., 44 Barre, Mohamed Siad (Siad Barre), 8–10, 12, 18–19, 63 Black Hawk Down (book, movie), 13 Bush, George H. W., 13, 24 Canada: Somali population estimate, 63; Somali refugees, 18 Capital (financing): personal loans, 68; small businesses and home buyers, 57, 59, 60 Carlson, Benny, 54–55 Carlyle, Erin, 51 Catholic Charities, 19, 27 Celebrations and ceremonies, 26; Independence Day, vi, 7; religious holidays, 37–38 Challenges to resettlement, 43–48 Children and youth: recruitment by terrorist organizations, 52–54; refugees, 18; school conflicts, 49; street gangs, 50–51 Clans: about, 71n1; clan tree, 11; Digil/ Mirifle (Rahanwayn), 12; Hawiye, 12; Isaaq, 12; Majeerteen, 10; support for small businesses, 57 Clinton, Bill, 13, 24 Clothing, 36–37, 49, 67–68 Coleman, Norm, 61 Confederation of Somali Community in Minnesota, 29, 30, 48–49 Council of American-Islamic Relations, 42, 53 Crime and criminal justice: street gangs, 50–51; youth recruited by terrorist organizations, 52–54 Culture and traditions: dance, 7; religious misunderstandings, 51–53; school conflicts, 48–51; traits and behaviors, 1–3, 16–17, 76nvi. See also Sunni Muslims Dayton, Mark, 61 Dirie, Waris, 16 Dirir, Safiya Ahmed, 24 Discrimination complaints (employment), 42 80    Index Djibouti: Somali Independence Day, 7; Somali refugees, 18 Dowden, Richard, 16 Durdur (halal market and bakery), 59 Durdur Bakery and Grocery, Minneapolis, 22, 69 Edison High School, Minneapolis, 53 Education: charter schools, 48; demographics, 62; race relations, 42 Ellison, Keith, 61 Ethiopia: alliance with Soviet Union, 10; boundary disputes with Somalia, 6, 8; invasion by Somalia (1977), 9, 19; invasion of Somalia (2000s), 52; Somali Independence Day, 7; Somali refugees, 14, 18–19 Europe: Somali refugees, 18 Fahia, Saeed, 29, 48–49, 50 Farah, Nimo H., 37 Farah, Nuruddin, 15, 27 FBIcounterterrorisminvestigations,46,53 Fennelly, Katherine, 43 Food products and practices, 22, 38 Franken, Al, 61 Ga’al, Abdicadir Abucar, 23, 25, 40–41; family, 41 Gargar Clinic, Minneapolis, 59 Geedi, Isaac, 31 Hadis, Abdihakim Ugas Aden, 24 Halal (permissible), 22 Hanley, Gerald, 16 Haraam (forbidden), 22 Hassan, Haji Adan Ahmed (Afqallooc), 7 Hassan, Mohamed Abdirahman, 31–33, 32, 59, 73n30 Hawala (money-wiring agencies), 46–48, 47 Health care, 31, 33, 59–60, 62 Heartland Food Company, Marshall, 21 Housing: landlord-tenant issues, 43–45; Riverside Plaza, 49 Humphrey, Hubert, 28, 39 Husen, Abdi, 20–21, 26–27 Hussein, Abdirizak Haji, 8, 9 Hussein, Liban M., 47 Hussein, Mohamed Abuker Haji, 34, 35 Iman, 16 Immigration: secondary migration, 30, 34, 39–40, 65. See also Personal accounts; Refugees; Settlement patterns Independence Day, vi, 7 International Institute of Minnesota, 27 International Rescue Committee, 19, 26–27 Ismail, Hiss Ahmed, 20 Jama, Abdikadir, 15, 18 Jama, Mohamoud Bile, 67–69, 69 Kahin, Abdirahman Issa, 58 Karmel Mall, Minneapolis, 55 Kenya: Somali Independence Day, 7; Somali refugees, 14–15, 18 Klobuchar, Amy, 61 Labor-managementrelations,17,30,76nvi Language: about, 9; cultural traits and behaviors, 1–3; English as second language, 43; Somaale (Soomaali, Samaale), 2, 6, 71n1; teachers of, 17 Lawsuits and litigation: landlord-tenant issues, 45 League of Women Voters, 64 Literature: books, 15; poems, 4–5, 7, 16, 37; proverbs, 14 Luce, Gregory, 45 Lutheran Social Services, 19, 27 Mahdi, Ali, 12–13 Marshall, MN, 21, 23, 30 Index    81 Martisoor (hospitality): as cultural trait, 17; described, 2–3; Minnesota’s hospitality toward Somalis, 28, 39–43, 65 McCarthy, Eugene, 39 Minnesota Council of Churches, 27 Minnesota Department of Human Services, 28, 64 Mohamed, Abdulla, 33 Mohamed, Hassan Ali, 25, 39–40 Mohamed, Mohamoud Ahmed, 39 Mondale, Walter, 28, 39 Obama, Barack, 61 Occupations...