Hmong and American: Negotiating Identity, Community, and Culture

Index

Index adaptation, 18, 22, 31, 150, 161 advancement, 3–5, 8, 150, 165–66, 168–69, 220 Alexander, Jeffrey, 249 America, 106–7, 109, 154, 179, 182–89, 197, 210, 212–14; arts, 199–201, 204–7, 216–23, 225–30; assimilation , 74–79; glbt Hmong Americans, 113–16, 118–19, 123–24, 126, 128–30; higher education in, 165–72, 181; Hmong American elders 133–41; Hmong arrival in, 235, 240; Hmong identity in, 88–93, 95–96, 245–46, 254–56; multicultural , 4–5, 31–51, 56, 161, 165, 172; multiple identities in, 81–82, 177–78; national identity, 53–60; and Vietnam War, 63–64, 67, 71–72, 180 American Community Survey, 168–69 ancestors, 140, 150, 153, 170, 213; and afterworld, 87, 136, 244; birth place, 48–50, 156; traditions of, 38–39, 81, 163, 241 Anderson, Benedict, 14 Anderson, June, 246–48 anthropology, 11–13, 21, 60, 85 Arlington National Cemetery, 74 arrival to U.S., 14, 35, 37, 74, 88, 150, 180, 203, 240 artist, 21–22, 191–208, 209–24, 225–32, 245, 252 arts, 19, 21, 175, 191–207, 209–23; activism , 221; animation, 22, 192–93, 201–2, 204–6; embroidery, 13, 198, 233–60; functional forms, 238; Hmong, 13, 197, 211, 221, 238; Hmong Arts Connection (HARC), 220; oral history, 8, 19, 216; photography, 192, 214, 216, 223. See also individual artists arts, oral and written: creative writers, 21, 221, 225–32; folklore, 202, 205–7, 234; literary, 20, 182, 220, 230; memoirist, 225; poetry, 14, 23, 193; voice, 15, 216, 221–22, 232, 249–50, 255. See also individual artists arts, performance: dance, 22, 191–92, 196–97, 206; film, 93, 153, 198–99, 220; hip-hop/spoken word, 221; music, 19, 86, 93, 119, 192, 196–97, 204, 206; plays, 107, 197–98, 200–201, 203–6, 213; singing, 22, 83, 192, 198, 220; storytellers, 202; theater, 192–93, 197, 199, 204–5; visual artists, 220. See also individual artists Asia, 61, 63, 191, 193, 234–35, 242, 249, 251 Asian American studies, 4–5, 40, 162, 165 Asian Americans, 55, 76, 115, 120, 142, 162 assimilation, 19, 74–75, 88, 154, 157, 254 asylum, 70, 86, 133 Australia, 13, 84–87, 165, 170, 212, 249 Baker, Collin, 188–89 Bamboo Among the Oaks (Moua), 14 Ban Houei Kouang (Fib Khab), 82 Barone, Michael, 74 Bertrais, Yves, 13 Index birth and lineage, 42 birth records, 59 Bleich, David, 32 Blue Mong, 81, 94, 235 Bollywood, 191, 196, 206 Bosher, Susan, 151 boys, 39, 105, 128, 163, 197, 249; as soldiers, 65 Buddhism, 84, 164, 179 Buley-Meissner, Mary Louise, 3, 23, 233, 261 caaj ceg, 42 California, 19, 23, 76, 87, 116, 154, 162–72, 202; bilingual education, 187; first Hmong communities in U.S., 71–72; Hmong-owned businesses in, 92; Hmong political involvement in, 138, 188; Hmong populations, 134; Hmong radio program, 154 Cambodia, 55, 61 Cambodian Americans, 55 Canada, 13, 148, 170, 212 Carleton College (Northfield, MN), 225 Catholic, 7, 19, 84, 164 celebrations, 6, 124, 134, 185–86, 245; of New Year, 93, 113, 119, 150, 191, 198, 200, 245 census, 16, 133, 148, 169, 172n1 Center for Hmong Arts and Talent (CHAT), 220 Center for Hmong Studies, 20, 88, 166 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 53, 63–68, 71, 235 ceremony, 14, 36–38, 60, 85, 136–37, 156; birth, 136; blessing, 137; cleansing, 38; neeb kaab plig, 38; neeb khu, 102, 111; nqee plig, 37, 136 Cha, Bee, 17 Cha, Dia, 217 Cha, Shou, 203 Chan, Sucheng, 49 change: art forms, 233, 251–52; cultural, 39–40, 43, 94, 103, 115, 204, 206, 236; family, 22, 93, 138, 152; in gender roles, 109–10, 130, 242; identity, 5, 13–14, 19, 31, 118, 123–28, 149; resistance to, 3, 37; in social relations , 138; transcentennial, 171 China, 14, 50, 52, 55, 59, 82, 163, 191; artistic influences, 193, 254; global exchanges, 89–90, 93, 156, 165–66, 170–71; Hmong in, 10, 13, 47, 61, 251; Hmong identity and, 16, 223; migration from, 66; missionary workers and, 162 Chinese Exclusion Act, 41 Christian, 118, 140, 142, 164, 210; Christian and Missionary Alliance Church, 196; elders, 135; Milwaukee Christian Center, 9, 240; missionary workers, 162; music, 196, 206; and traditional faiths, 142, 149, 203 Christianity, 8, 36, 42, 135, 149, 203 church, 6, 88, 196, 212 CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) citizen, 95, 182, 189 citizenship, 12, 15–16, 34, 41–42, 50...