Forest for the Trees: How Humans Shaped the North Woods

Index

Page numbers in italic refer to pictures Aboriginal Americans: agriculture of, 182–83; demographics, pre-European incursion , 177–80; European incursion and epidemic diseases, 178–80; fire and, 124, 177–78, 180–81, 182–83, 186; Preemption Law and, 19; tribal land management paradigm, 6, 177–78, 180–81, 182–83 accidents, 29, 71, 80–81 Adams, John, 87 addiction, 90 agriculture: Aboriginal American vs. European practices, 182–83; in cutover lands, 95–96; farmers and labor organization, 98–99; forestry and Department of Agriculture , 110–11; North Central Agricultural Experiment Station, 115–16; suitability of northern Minnesota for, 20 alcohol, 84 Alger-Smith Lumber Company, men pictured , 72, 78 alligators, 81, 83 American Federation of Labor (afl), 95, 96 American Forestry Association, 107, 108 Anderson, M. Kat, 183 Andrews, Christopher C., 6, 114, 124–26, 125, 145 Angleworm Lake, 146–47 Antelson, Ben, 36 arson, 113–14 aspen, 62 Auguries of Innocence (Blake), 141 Avaskainen, Otto, 36 aviation: fire suppression and, 160–61; recreation access and, 151 Backus-Brooks International Lumber Company , 93, 94 Baird ranger station, 131 banking logs, 78 Bass Lake washout, 80–81 Basswood Lake, 48 Beef Slough, 57–59 Benson, Elmer, 96–97, 98–99 Berry, Wendell, 176–77 Big Blowup, 53–54, 159 Bilardo, Peter, 113 biodiversity, 9, 110, 152, 161, 172, 190–91 Birch Lake: fire, 129; tree nursery at, 155–56 Blake, William, vii, 141 Blister Rust (Cronartium ribicola), 156–58 Bloomenson, Abe, 196n7 blowdown (July 4, 1999), 168, 170, 171–72 “Blue Jays,” 74–75 board feet vs. square feet as measure, 61 booms, log rafts, 57–59, 81 Borah, William, 94–95 Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (bwcaw), 6–7; establishment of, 152–53; fuel loads in, 163, 168–69, 171; geology 207 Index of, 11–13; Historic Range of Natural Variability (hrnv) in, 161; prescribed burns in, 169, 171; as roadless area, 146, 164 Bowers, Edward A., 110 Brandt, Wayne, 99–100 Brown, Gary, 163 Brown, George, 37 Brown, John, 20 budgets: budgetary constraints and prescribed burns, 168–69; state forestry department, 124–25; tied to fire suppression , 163, 167 bull of the woods, 83 bunkhouse pictured, 70 Burntside Lake, 28, 42 Carhart, Arthur, 135–36 Carlson and Oppel, 146–47 Carnegie, Andrew, 121 Cass Lake forest reserve, 114–15 catty men, 80 Cecil, George, 186–87 Chicago Timberman (newspaper), 4–5 Chicago Tribune (newspaper), 113–14 Chippewa National Forest, 114–15 Civilian Conservation Corps (ccc), 146, 155, 159–60 Clark, Clarence D., 116 Cleveland, Grover, 109, 116 clothing, 73–74 Columbian Exhibition, 101–3 communications, 5, 52, 104, 151 company towns, 91–92 conservation, 6; Department of Forestry, 103; as federal policy, 23; fire suppression and, 113, 124–26; industrialists and, 120–21; land management paradigm, 6; Olson on land problem and, 143–44; opposition to, 112; public opinion and, 109–10, 113–14, 123; recreation and, 134–35; Roosevelt and, 118–19; silviculture and scientific management, 103–4; timbermen and, 119–20; vs. preservation, 110 conservation land management paradigm, 6 cooks and mess halls, 68–69, 93 Cornell, Ezra, 60 crabs, 83–84 creeping fires, 161–62 Cross, Al, 45 Cross Lake Logging, 42 crown fires, 16–17, 161–62 Dahlgren, Calvin A., 137–38 dams and sluiceways, 80–81, 88, 194n11 Darrow, Clarence, 94 deer, 17–18, 187 Default, Vincent, 46 deforestation, 4, 102–3, 105–6 Denevan, William, 181 Densmore, John, 27–28, 38, 125 disease: Aboriginal Americans and epidemics, 178–80; blister rust, 156–58 disturbance ecology, 171–72, 189 diversity, Historic Range of Natural Variability , 9 Division of Forestry, 108, 109, 117 Dobnys, Henry, 179–80 Dolenshak, Adolph, 80–81 Donnelly, Ignatius, 22–23 drive, the, 79–84 drivers, 79–80 drugs, 90 Duluth and Iron Range Railroad, 31, 194n8 Dunnell, Mark, 107 Dylan, Bob, 67 Echo River ranger station, 131 economics: ecosystem management and, 188; forest management and economic pressures, 187; Great Depression, 141–43; lumber industry collapse, 139, 141–42; recreation and tourism industries, 134–35, 149–50, 167, 187; stock market crash, 95. See also prices; wages and income education: forestry and public education, 117; in forestry and silviculture, 108–9, 117; Morrill Act (land grants for universities ), 60 Elements of Forestry (Hough), 108 Ely, 8–9, 29, 51, 84, 121, 142; fires and, index 208 128–29; suit against Swallow and Hopkins, 48; tourist industry and, 134, 136–37, 137, 149–52 Ely Miner (newspaper), 38, 42...