Hard Work and a Good Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota

INDEX

The letter “n” following a page number indicates information found in endnotes . Page numbers in italic indicate photographs or captions. A African Americans in ccc: camp life experiences, 55–56, 68, 70, 71–72; discrimination against, 23, 24, 25, 51–52, 59; number of enrollees, 23, 32; recruitment procedures, 32; segregation of, 23–25, 35, 44, 55, 71; types of tasks, 28, 51 Allen, Clarence “Ole,” 37 Alway, Frederick J., 79, 175n10 American Indians in ccc. See Civilian Conservation Corps– Indian Division (ccc-id) Anderson,Andy, 107 Anderson,Axel, 104 Anderson, Ernest, 12, 47, 87, 90, 96 Andrews, Christopher Columbus, 76, 78–79 Anishinaabe, 170n27 Anoka Game Refuge camp, 83 Anzelc, Matt, 73 Appids, Doc, 66–67 Averill, N. H., 100 B Badoura camp, 52 Bank closures in 1930s, 9, 11 Baratto, Joe, 60, 67 Barber, Edward W., 100, 101, 102–3, 105, 129 Bartek, Steve, 33, 34, 47, 66 Bayport camp, 48 Beaulieu (Consolidated Chippewa) camp, 119 Beaver Creek project, 111, 174n5 Bellanger, Clem, 172n26 Beltrami Island Project, 92 Bena camp, 22, 59 Bennett, Hugh Hammond, 77–78, 174n3 Benson, Elmer A., 26 Bergley, Nels, 97 Bergstrahl,Thor, 132 Berini, John, 104 Berman, Reuben, 60 Big Lake camp, 20, 49, 53, 58, 66, 89, 92–93 Biological survey camps, 114–15 Biological survey projects, 114, 128 Blatnik, John, 134 Blister rust control projects, 90–92, 126 Boekenoogen, Ike, 96 Bohrer, Fred, 86 Borlaug, Norman, 133, 181n25 Brown, Ralph D., 120 Brown, Randolph, 20 Burcalow, Don, 20, 48, 49, 62, 91, 127 Bureau of Forestry, 174n1 Bureau of Indian Affairs (bia), 27, 35, 50 Burns-Homer-Pleasant Soil Conservation District, 117, 179n22 Buskowiak, John, 57, 112, 115, 116 Butcher,Vernon, 72 C Cackoski, John, 44, 55, 56, 66, 69, 70 Caledonia camp, 23, 59, 110 Camp Buckboard, 47 Camp Release, 99, 174n6 Camp Ripley, 22, 83 Camp Roosevelt, Luray,VA, 17 Caribou camp, 22 Carlson, E. J., 126 Cascade River overlook, 107 Cass Lake camp, 50 Cattaneo (Catanio), Joe, 104 196 INDEX ccc camps:African Americans’ experiences , 55–56, 68, 70, 71–72; beautification , 45, 47; buildings, 42, 43, 44, 48; camp personnel, 47–48, 125; canteens, 72; community relations, 51–53; community service tasks, 72–73; costs of operation, 48; daily routine, 56–57, 73; design of, 43; diseases and illnesses, 60; education programs, 61–65; educational advisors , 62, 63; enrollees’ views on, 55–57; food, 57–60; free time, 61; heating and lights, 44–45; holiday meals, 59; kitchen patrol (KP) duty, 59, 60; locations for, 39, 41, 83–84; maintenance, 45–46; medical and dental care, 49, 60; military-based operations of, 43, 45, 49–50, 60–61; music and musicians, 69, 70; newspapers , 64; nicknames, 66; number of camps, 23; organization and administration, 20; population of, 48; publications, 64; quarantines, 60; radio stations, 64; recreation and entertainment, 65, 65–72; religious services, 72; rookies’ initiation, 66; safety programs, 63–64; setting up, 39–41; sports, 66–68; transportation, 71; tributes to, 53, 73; types of camps, 23; unique look of, 47 ccc-id camps: administration and operation, 50–51; education programs, 65, 173n23; enrollees’ homes, 172nn26–27; food, 58; maintenance , 46–47; number of camps, 54; publications, 65, 173n24; setting up, 41–43; sports, 67 ccc-id projects: culture and heritage preservation, 117–21; forest conservation , 117 ccc Office of Education, 61 Chatfield (Little Sahara) camp, 113 Chernivec, Frank, 134 Chippewa National Forest: ccc camps and projects in, 5, 91, 176n33; headquarters and district offices, 83–84; headquarters building, 97; legislation creating, 78, 174n7; size of, 127 Civilian Conservation Corps (ccc): absent without leave (awol), 31; clothing and supplies, 34, 35–36; enlistment and discharge, 30–31, 174n38; enrollment guidelines, 29; impact on enrollees, 131; legislation governing, 17, 23, 32, 123–25; logo, 19; minority enrollees, 23–28; mission , 17; name of program, 16, 19, 168n1 (pt. 1); number of camps, 23, 125; number of enrollees, 20, 23, 30, 124; paternalistic attitudes, 19; pay and dependents’ allowance, 19, 31, 48, 72, 170n5; physicals and vaccinations , 34–35; programmatic areas, 18; public support for, 123; racial discrimination, 23–28; recruitment practices, 32–33; review and processing of enrollees, 31, 33–34, 36–37; segregation policy, 23–26, 35, 71, 171n9 (chap. 3); short-term nature of program, 18, 123–24; speed of implementation of program , 16–17; value of program, 126–27;World War I veterans in, 29, 32, 53, 104, 105. See also Local Experienced Men (lems) in ccc Civilian Conservation Corps (ccc) in Minnesota: age...