Notes
Introduction 9 commanders were often called upon to participate in combat, both in the upper country and along and beyond the frontiers between the English and French colonies. The dichotomous functions of the officers and commandants in the upper country cannot be seen clearly in their official correspondence; it is necessary to turn to their business and private papers and notarial records to appreciate fully their divided interests. To that end, translations of primary-source materials on the business and personal, as well as military, activities of one noteworthy upper-country post commander are presented here in their social, economic, and political context. NOTES 1. The very large quantities ofsupplies and weapons maintained at Michilimackinac as early as 1683 by Olivier Morel de La Durantaye, its first commander, certainly required a fort to protect them as well as the relatively large number of Frenchmen at the post. For an idea of the extent of this operation in the late seventeenth century, see the statement of La Durantaye's expenditures there during 1683-84 in Archives nationales (Paris), Colonies (hereafter cited as AN Col.), CllA 6:451ff, also in the National Archives of Canada (hereafter cited as NAC) MGl: CllA 6, part 2, transcript 238-242, NAC microfilm C2376); and "Olivier Morel de La Durantaye, Capitaine au Regiment de Carignan," Bulletin des Recherches Historiques 28 (avril 1922): 104-106. In Bernard Weilbrenner, "Morel de La Durantaye, Olivier," in Dictionary if Canadian Biography (hereafter cited as DCB) 2 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1966-1991), 488-89, on La Durantaye, Weilbrenner states that "On 19 July 1684 Morel de La Durantaye left the fort at the head of a party of 500 men ... " to join Governor-general Le Febvre de La Barre's expedition against the Iroquois. Further, Yves Zoltvany, "Greysolon Dulhut (Du Lhut or Du Luth), Daniel," DCB, 2:261-64, states that Duluth helped fortify Michilimackinac from 1683 to 1686. 2. David A. Armour, "Roseboom (Rooseboom), Johannes," in DCB, 3:568-69. 3. Antoine Champagne, Nouvelles etudes sur les La Verendrye et Ie poste de I'ouest (Quebec: Les Presses de I'Universite Laval, 1971),80-81, Illus. 2. 4. Louise Dechene, Habitants et Marchands de Montreal au XVlle siecle (Paris: Librairie PIon, 1974), 182-83. All translated material in the present study is by the author unless otherwise noted. 5. Militia major George Washington was defeated at Fort Necessity in 1754 by Louis Coulon de Villiers; Braddock was defeated by Daniel-Hyacinthe-Marie Lienard de Beaujeu and Jean-Daniel Dumas at the Batde of the Monongahela in 1755. 6. Yves Zoltvany, "Greysolon Dulhut," in DCB, 2:261-64. 10 Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre 7. The Journal ifMajor George Washington, facsimile edition (Williamsburg: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, 1959), 25-26; Donald Chaput, "Legardeur de SaintPierre , Jacques," in DCB, 3:374-76. 8. The Journal ofMajor George Washington, 16; La Jonquiere to Saint-Pierre, Quebec, 5 March 1751, Archives du Seminaire de Quebec (hereafter cited as ASQ), Fonds Verreau, carton 5, no. 41. 9. King to Denonville and Champigny, Versailles, 8 March 1688, AN CoL, B 15: 20 recto; Frontenac and Champigny to Pontchartrain, Quebec, 5 November 1694, AN CoL, CIIA 13:4-16, sec. 38; Harold A. Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962), 93. The archaic fortification term reduit is defined in Paul Robert, Le Petit Robert: Dictionnaire alphabhique et analogique de la langue franraise (Paris: Societe du Nouveau Littre, 1978), 1636, as "a small work constructed in the interior of a larger one or in the rear, to assure a retreat." The term reduite is defined in the early seventeenth-century Dictionarie of the French and English Tongues by Randle Cotgrave (London: 1611; reprint, Columbia, S.c.: University of South Carolina Press, 1968) as "A Blockhouse, or little fort." Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary defines a redoubt as "a small usually temporary enclosed defensivework ." 10. Public notice of amnesty by Louis XIV to coureurs de bois, Versailles, 2 May 1681, NAC, MGl, CllA 5: transcript 333-34. 11. King's letter to Duchesneau, 30 April 1681, NAC, MG1, CllA 5: transcript 34243 . 12. Joseph L. Peyser, Lettersfrom New France: The Upper Country 1686-1783 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992),58-59. 13. Gratien Allaire, "Officiers et marchands: Les societes de commerce des fourrures, 1717-1760," Revue d'histoire de l' Ameriquefranraise 40, no. 3 (hiver) (1987): 411, 418-19,425; Peyser, Lettersfrom New France, 60-62. 14. Allaire, "Officiers...
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